ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2022
Exposure to the Life of a School Child Rather Than Age Determines Myopic Shifts in Refraction in School Children.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association between screen time exposure and myopia in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Highland environment and genetic background are associated with myopia risk in Tibetans and Hans.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- Acceleration of Myopic Shifts in Refraction and Axial Elongation Begins in the Premyopia Stage.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- IMI-2025 Digest.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Myopia is predominantly genetic or predominantly environmental?Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Article
- Comparison of spherical equivalent and estimated prevalence of myopia in school-age children between Shanghai and Yunnan in China.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Estimating the True Effect of Lifestyle Risk Factors for Myopia: A Longitudinal Study of UK Children.Translational vision science & technology · 2024Article
- The Current and Future Landscape of the Childhood Myopia Epidemic in China-A Review.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2024Review
- Relationship Between Early-Life Factors and Self-Reported Age at Myopia Onset: A Study Based on a Sample of Chinese Adults.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2024Article
- Time Spent Outdoors Partly Accounts for the Effect of Education on Myopia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- The Role of Retinal Dysfunction in Myopia Development.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2023Review
- The Causal Effect of Education on Myopia: Evidence That More Exposure to Schooling, Rather Than Increased Age, Causes the Onset of Myopia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Prevalence of myopia in school-age children in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.SAGE open medicine · 2023Review
- Indoor and outdoor human behavior and myopia: an objective and dynamic study.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: The prevalence of myopia increases with both age and grade for children attending school. The current study aimed to distinguish the effects of aging and grade on myopia. Methods: Grade 1 students (706 at baseline in 2009, mean age 6.56 ± 0.29 years, range 6.00 to 6.99 years old, 55.5% boys) were followed up until 2012. Cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) was measured annually. Results: The sample in a grade was divided into three 4-month age blocks according to their birth month. Within each grade, there were no significant differences in SE between age blocks (all P > 0.05), despite an age range of one year. More myopic SE was observed in the youngest block of grade 2 compared to the oldest block of grade 1 (difference, -0.36 ± 0.08 D; P < 0.001), although age of the two blocks only differed by four months. Similarly, more myopic SE were found in the youngest block in grade 3 than the oldest block in grade 2 (differences, -0.50 ± 0.10 D; P < 0.001) and in the youngest block in grade 4 than the oldest block in grade 3 (differences, -0.82 ± 0.14 D; P < 0.001). Conclusions: Exposure to schooling, rather than age, appears to be the major driver of refractive development, at least in the early years of schooling. Interventions during this period, involving reductions in educational pressure and increased time outdoors may have major effects on the subsequent development of myopia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.