ArticleAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)2022
Ectopic Lymphoid Follicle Formation and Human Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Responses Recapitulated in an Organ-on-a-Chip.
Article in Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 74 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 111 citations in OpenAlex.
- Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Shaping Immune Responses in the Lymph Node Microenvironment.Biology of the cell · 2026Review
- Rethinking non-human primate models for emerging viral infections after COVID-19.Laboratory animal research · 2026Review
- Engineering Lymphatic Vessels and Lymphoid Microenvironments In Vitro to Investigate Immune Cell Trafficking.Current opinion in biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Current Status of Intestinal Stem Cell Research: Mechanisms, Intestinal Diseases, and Organoid Development.Cells · 2026Review
- Article
- Immune organoids for Africa: a roadmap for bridging the innovation gap in infectious diseases and cancer research.Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute · 2026Review
- Lymphoid-Tissue-on-Chip Recapitulates Human Antibody Responses In Vitro.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Respiratory Organ-on-a-Chip for Disease Modeling: From Architecture to Functional Integration.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Enhanced Human Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses Using In Vitro 3D Tonsil Cultures Containing Stromal Cells.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Application of 3D Cell Culture Techniques in Nanotoxicology: How Far Are We?Stem cell reviews and reports · 2026Review
- A Human Lymph node-on-a-Chip for Personalized Evaluation of Vaccine Immunogenicity.Research square · 2026Article
- Lymphatics-on-a-chip microphysiological system: engineering lymphatic structure and functionLab on a chip · 2026Review
- Immunogenicity of Gene and Cell Therapies.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2026Review
- A Human-Based Skin-Lymphoreticular Model-on-Chip to Emulate Inflammatory Skin Conditions.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Organoids Gone Viral: A Comprehensive Review on Human Organoid Models to Study Viral Pathogenesis.Viruses · 2026Review
- Engineering Adaptive Immunity in 3D: A Patient-Specific Lymphoid Model Using Stromal Networks and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Integrating brain organoids, meningeal immunity, and glymphatic dynamics: toward modeling neuroimmune clearance and crosstalk in disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The Immunology of Transfusion Medicine: Past, Present, and Future.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Review
- Advances in Human and Animal Germinal Center Models In Vitro: New Approaches to Studying Immune Responses.BioMed research international · 2026Review
- Concerns and challenges in clinics-guided nanovaccines design and applications.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
21 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Lymphoid follicles (LFs) are responsible for generation of adaptive immune responses in secondary lymphoid organs and form ectopically during chronic inflammation. A human model of ectopic LF formation will provide a tool to understand LF development and an alternative to non-human primates for preclinical evaluation of vaccines. Here, it is shown that primary human blood B- and T-lymphocytes autonomously assemble into ectopic LFs when cultured in a 3D extracellular matrix gel within one channel of a two-channel organ-on-a-chip microfluidic device. Superfusion via a parallel channel separated by a microporous membrane is required for LF formation and prevents lymphocyte autoactivation. These germinal center-like LFs contain B cells expressing Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase and exhibit plasma cell differentiation upon activation. To explore their utility for seasonal vaccine testing, autologous monocyte-derived dendritic cells are integrated into LF Chips. The human LF chips demonstrate improved antibody responses to split virion influenza vaccination compared to 2D cultures, which are enhanced by a squalene-in-water emulsion adjuvant, and this is accompanied by increases in LF size and number. When inoculated with commercial influenza vaccine, plasma cell formation and production of anti-hemagglutinin IgG are observed, as well as secretion of cytokines similar to vaccinated humans over clinically relevant timescales.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.