Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35289114›Full record

ArticleJournal of extracellular vesicles2022

A bacterial extracellular vesicle-based intranasal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 protects against disease and elicits neutralizing antibodies to wild-type and Delta variants.

Linglei Jiang, Tom A P Driedonks, Wouter S P Jong, Santosh Dhakal, H Bart van den Berg van Saparoea, Ioannis Sitaras, Ruifeng Zhou, Christopher Caputo, Kirsten Littlefield, Maggie Lowman and 15 more

Erratum issuedOpen access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of extracellular vesicles, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 93 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
93citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
19.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

93 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 151 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025
    Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Review
  5. Optimizing genetic engineering approaches for protein loading into bacterial extracellular vesicles for vaginal drug delivery.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2026
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Extracellular vesicles in viral disease management.Current research in microbial sciences · 2026
    Review
  10. Review
  11. Review
  12. Review
  13. Review
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Violacein-Loaded Outer Membrane Vesicles fromACS biomaterials science & engineering · 2025
    Article

33 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

25 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.

Linglei JiangDepartment of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Tom A P DriedonksDepartment of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Wouter S P JongAbera Bioscience AB, Uppsala, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0002-8907-6954
Santosh DhakalW. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
H Bart van den Berg van SaparoeaAbera Bioscience AB, Uppsala, Sweden.
Ioannis SitarasW. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0161-8024
Ruifeng ZhouW. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Christopher CaputoW. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Kirsten LittlefieldW. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Maggie LowmanDepartment of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Mengfei ChenDepartment of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Gabriela LimaDepartment of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Olesia GololobovaDepartment of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0392-268X
Barbara SmithDepartment of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Vasiliki MahairakiDepartment of Genetic Medicine and The Richman Family Precision Medicine Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
M Riley RichardsonDepartment of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Kathleen R MulkaDepartment of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Andrew P LaneDepartment of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Sabra L KleinW. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Andrew PekoszW. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Cory BraytonDepartment of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Joseph L MankowskiDepartment of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Joen LuirinkAbera Bioscience AB, Uppsala, Sweden.
Jason S VillanoDepartment of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Kenneth W WitwerDepartment of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1664-4233
Johns Hopkins University · USAbera Bioscience (Sweden) · SE

Funding

Virology Resource CoreU54CA260492 · NCI · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI KLEIN, SABRA L. · 2020 to 2024
$10.4M
Training Veterinarians for Careers in Biomedical ResearchT32OD011089 · OD · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI JOSEPH L MANKOWSKI · 2012 to 2026
$6.7M
Next-generation extracellular vesicle biologics to target central nervous system and peripheral reservoirs of HIVR01AI144997 · NIAID · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI RAMRATNAM, BHARAT, WITWER, KENNETH W · 2019 to 2023
$4.0M
Johns Hopkins Excellence in Pathogenesis, Immunology Center for SARS-CoV-2 AI144997Johns Hopkins Excellence in Pathogenesis, Immunology Center for SARS-CoV-2 U54CA260492NCI NIH HHS U54 CA260492NIAID NIH HHS HHSN272201400007CNIAID NIH HHS R01 AI144997NIH HHS T32 OD011089
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Several vaccines have been introduced to combat the coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines include mRNA-containing lipid nanoparticles or adenoviral vectors that encode the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2, inactivated virus, or protein subunits. Despite growing success in worldwide vaccination efforts, additional capabilities may be needed in the future to address issues such as stability and storage requirements, need for vaccine boosters, desirability of different routes of administration, and emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants such as the Delta variant. Here, we present a novel, well-characterized SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate based on extracellular vesicles (EVs) of Salmonella typhimurium that are decorated with the mammalian cell culture-derived Spike receptor-binding domain (RBD). RBD-conjugated outer membrane vesicles (RBD-OMVs) were used to immunize the golden Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) model of COVID-19. Intranasal immunization resulted in high titres of blood anti-RBD IgG as well as detectable mucosal responses. Neutralizing antibody activity against wild-type and Delta variants was evident in all vaccinated subjects. Upon challenge with live virus, hamsters immunized with RBD-OMV, but not animals immunized with unconjugated OMVs or a vehicle control, avoided body mass loss, had lower virus titres in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and experienced less severe lung pathology. Our results emphasize the value and versatility of OMV-based vaccine approaches.

Indexed as

COVID-19Extracellular VesiclesViral VaccinesAnimalsAntibodies, NeutralizingCOVID-19 VaccinesHumansLiposomesMammalsNanoparticlesSARS-CoV-2Antibodies, NeutralizingCOVID-19 VaccinesLipid NanoparticlesLiposomesViral VaccinesCOVID-19Delta variantexosomesextracellular vesiclesouter membrane vesiclesSARS-CoV-2vaccines

Identifiers

PMID35289114
PMCPMC8920961
OpenAlexW4220870024

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.