ArticleJournal of nutrition education and behavior2022
Vitamin D Intake and Meeting Recommendations Among Infants Participating in WIC Nationally.
Article in Journal of nutrition education and behavior, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Adherence to vitamin D supplementation guidelines in children under five years of age: a systematic literature review.European journal of nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- A pilot study of maternal vitamin D status and its association with breast milk and infant gut metabolites.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Recent Advancements and Best Practices in Supporting Newborn Feeding: A Narrative Review.Pediatric clinics of North America · 2025Review
- California provider and advocate perspectives about opportunities to optimize nutrition services and resources in the first 1000 days.Reproductive, female and child health · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo report and examine associations with infant vitamin D intake and meeting recommendations among a national sample participating in Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC).
designSecondary analysis from the 2013-2015 WIC Infant Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2.
participantsUS Infants. VARIABLES MEASURED: Total reported vitamin D intake from diet and supplementation at the time of data collection. ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics and generalized estimating equations.
resultsThe median total vitamin D intake ranged from 5.43 (95% confidence interval, 5.40-5.46) mcg/d at month 1 to 8.18 (95% confidence interval, 8.11-8.20) mcg/d at month 13, with 16% to 36% of infants meeting the infant vitamin D recommendation over that time. Overall, 6% to 12% of all participants reported supplementation across all time points. Although most (between 78% to 98%) of supplemented breastfed infants met the recommendation, very few were supplemented as a group. Hence, breastfed infants were less likely to meet the recommendation than those who were formula fed across at time points except month 1 (P < 0.001 for all). Whereas infant age, feeding type, and/or their interaction were significant predictors of both receiving supplementation and meeting the recommendation, mother/caregiver nativity (P = 0.006) and parity (P = 0.01 and P < 0.001) predicted receiving supplementation, and child sex (P < 0.001) and mother/caregiver race/ethnicity (P < 0.001) predicted meeting the recommendation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Among a national sample of infants participating in WIC between 2013-2015, a high proportion were not meeting the current vitamin D recommendation. The WIC program is 1 resource for promoting strategies for increasing the number of American infants meeting D recommendations, but a coordinated approach involving other health care providers is likely needed. Future research exploring the reason for lack of supplementation, from both the perspective of parents and providers and the clinical impact of low vitamin D intake, is warranted.
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