ArticlePloS one2022
Effect of stimulation time on the expression of human macrophage polarization markers.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed.
- Human and mouse regenerative macrophages enhance beta cell survival, function, and proliferation.Islets · 2026Article
- Tumor-educated macrophages promote cytokine-driven lung colonization in triple-negative breast cancer.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- Enzyme-Linked Cycloaddition Assay (ELCA) for Rapid, Ultra-Sensitive Monitoring of Secreted Sialoglycoproteins.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Human Macrophage Polarization Dynamics on a 3D Fibrous Polydioxanone Mesh In Vitro.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Article
- Resident myeloid-derived immune cells contribute to early lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine secretion in mouse soleus muscle.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Review
- Effect of PI3K-p110α Inhibitor Alpelisib in the Differentiation and Effector Functions of M-CSF and GM-CSF Macrophages.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Pinostrobin attenuates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage through modulation of the MYC-CTSL signaling axis.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Cannabinoid receptor-2 ligand beta-caryophyllene modulates inflammatory responses of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Clinicopathological and molecular characterization of tumor-associated macrophages in sporadic and Xeroderma Pigmentosum-related cutaneous melanoma.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Alirocumab Attenuated Plaque Inflammation and PCSK9-Induced Proinflammatory Signalling in M1 Macrophages Independently of Lipid Lowering.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- Sputum from Individuals with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Drives M2-like Macrophage Polarization.Lung · 2026Article
- Macrophages in Colorectal Cancer: from Normal Mucosa to Distant Metastasis: Beyond the M1/M2 Paradigm.Journal of Cancer · 2026Review
- A versatile distance-based approach for gene expression selection across diverse biological systems.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Cannabidiol selectively attenuates lipotoxic immunometabolic inflammation in human macrophages.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Neutrophils matter: new clinical insights on their role in the progression of metastatic breast cancer.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2025Article
- Graphene and Its Derivatives as Modulators of Macrophage Polarization in Cutaneous Wound Healing.Cells · 2025Review
- iNOS in Macrophage Polarization: Pharmacological and Regulatory Insights.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Comparative analysis of RT-qPCR, flow cytometry, and Di-4-ANEPPDHQ fluorescence for distinguishing macrophages phenotypes.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2025Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Macrophages are highly plastic cells that can polarize into functionally distinct subsets in vivo and in vitro in response to environmental signals. The development of protocols to model macrophage polarization in vitro greatly contributes to our understanding of macrophage biology. Macrophages are divided into two main groups: Pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages (classically activated) and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages (alternatively activated), based on several key surface markers and the production of inflammatory mediators. However, the expression of these common macrophage polarization markers is greatly affected by the stimulation time used. Unfortunately, there is no consensus yet regarding the optimal stimulation times for particular macrophage polarization markers in in vitro experiments. This situation is problematic, (i) as analysing a particular marker at a suboptimal time point can lead to false-negative results, and (ii) as it clearly impedes the comparison of different studies. Using human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) in vitro, we analysed how the expression of the main polarization markers for M1 (CD64, CD86, CXCL9, CXCL10, HLA-DR, IDO1, IL1β, IL12, TNF), M2a (CD200R, CD206, CCL17, CCL22, IL-10, TGM2), and M2c (CD163, IL-10, TGFβ) macrophages changes over time at mRNA and protein levels. Our data establish the most appropriate stimulation time for the analysis of the expression of human macrophage polarization markers in vitro. Providing such a reference guide will likely facilitate the investigation of macrophage polarization and its reproducibility.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.