ArticleMicrobiology spectrum2022
Multiple Introductions of Reassorted Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5Nx Viruses Clade 2.3.4.4b Causing Outbreaks in Wild Birds and Poultry in The Netherlands, 2020-2021.
Article in Microbiology spectrum, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers.
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50 citing papers in PubMed, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- High pathogenicity avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated from poultry and wild birds in Japan during the 2024-2025 season.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Review
- Mapping global avian influenza risk patterns through waterbird activity entropy.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Antigenic Matching of rHVT-H5 via CRISPR/Cas9 Confers Complete Protection Against Novel H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b in Chicken.Veterinary sciences · 2026Article
- The role of wild birds in the global highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 panzootic, 2020-2023.npj biodiversity · 2026Review
- Wild birds drive the introduction, maintenance, and spread of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in Spain, 2021-2022.Virus evolution · 2026Article
- Influenza A Virus H5N1 Subtype: Resurgent Interspecies and Intercontinental Transmission, and a New Host.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Isolation and subtyping of avian influenza A virus from wild birds in Khartoum, Sudan.The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research · 2025Article
- Highly pathogenic avian influenza: a One Health perspective on risks, surveillance, and resilience.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Review
- Genomic and evolutionary characterization of newly emerged highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade (2023-2025).Veterinary world · 2025Article
- Neuraminidase reassortment and oseltamivir resistance in clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) viruses circulating among Canadian poultry, 2024.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Avian Influenza Surveillance Among Migratory Birds, Poultry, and Humans Around Nansi Lake, China, 2021-2024.Viruses · 2025Article
- Article
- Emerging Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b Causes Neurological Disease and Mortality in Scavenging Ducks in Bangladesh.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Spatiotemporal reconstruction of the North American A(H5N1) outbreak reveals successive lineage replacements by descendant reassortants.Science advances · 2025Article
- Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b in Cattle: A Rising One Health Concern.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Review
- Using homologous network to identify reassortment risk in H5Nx avian influenza viruses.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Article
- Integrating behavioural science and epidemiology to improve early detection of zoonotic swine influenza in the Netherlands.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
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5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of subtype H5Nx caused outbreaks in poultry, captive birds, and wild birds in the Netherlands between October 2020 and June 2021. The full genome sequences of 143 viruses were analyzed. HPAI viruses were mainly of subtype H5N8, followed by H5N1, but also viruses of subtypes H5N3, H5N4, and H5N5 were detected. At least seven distinct genotypes were found, carrying closely related H5 segments belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b. Molecular clock analysis suggests that the reassortments of the NA gene segments likely occurred before the introduction of these viruses into the Netherlands. Genetic analysis suggested that multiple independent introductions of HPAI H5N8 viruses occurred in the Netherlands, likely followed by local spread resulting in at least two clusters of related viruses. The analysis provided evidence for independent introductions from wild birds at 10 poultry farms, whereas for two outbreaks transmission between farms could not be excluded. HPAI H5Nx viruses were detected in dead wild birds of 33 species, but mostly infected geese and swans were found. The pathogenicity of the H5N8 virus was determined for chickens and Pekin ducks, showing reduced mortality for ducks. This study provides more insight into the genetic diversity of HPAI H5Nx viruses generated by reassortment and evolution, and the spread of these viruses between wild birds and poultry. The fast and continuing evolution of H5 clade 2.3.4.4b may provide opportunities for these viruses to adapt to specific bird species, or possibly mammalian species and humans.
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