The induced membrane technique in animal models: a systematic review.

Objectives: The induced membrane technique (IMT) is a 2-stage surgical approach that has become increasingly popular to manage bone defects. Preclinical investigations have been conducted to better understand and define several aspects of this technique. This review summarizes the literature regarding the IMT performed in animal models and identifies potential future directions. Data Sources: Biosis Citation Index, Ovid Embase, and Ovid MEDLINE databases were searched from inception up to June 23, 2021 for articles related to the IMT. Study Selection: Animal studies involving the use of the IMT for segmental defects in long bones were selected. Only full-length original research articles published in English or French were included. Data Extraction: Two authors extracted the data from the selected studies and a third author verified the accuracy of the information. Data Synthesis: Information concerning the animal model, the surgical procedures, and the outcome measures were recorded for each study and compiled. Conclusions: Forty-seven studies were included in this review. Twenty-nine studies (62%) performed both stages of the technique, but only 8 (17%) reported on radiographic union rates explicitly and 5 (11%) included biomechanical testing. A large proportion of the preclinical literature on the IMT has failed to report on radiographic union as an outcome. While studies reporting membrane properties are valuable, they may not provide information that translates into clinical practice or further clinical research if the ultimate outcome of bony healing is not considered. Future animal studies of the IMT should consider this in their study design.