ArticleCureus2022
Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency After COVID-19 Diagnosed by Insulin Tolerance Test and Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Test.
Article in Cureus, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chronic Central Adrenal Insufficiency in a Patient With Remote Traumatic Brain Injury and an Apparently Adequate Standard-Dose ACTH Response: A Case Report.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Arginine-vasopressin deficiency due to long COVID-associated infundibulo-neurohypophysitis.Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Nucleotide metabolic abnormalities in post-COVID-19 condition and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and their association with endocrine dysfunction.Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland) · 2025Article
- Implications of Dysnatremia and Endocrine Disturbances in COVID-19 Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Explaining Long COVID: A Pioneer Cross-Sectional Study Supporting the Endocrine Hypothesis.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2024Article
- The existence of adrenal insufficiency in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Hypocortisolemic ASIA: a vaccine- and chronic infection-induced syndrome behind the origin of long COVID and myalgic encephalomyelitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Aggravates Complement Dysregulation and Affects Cortisol Response in Patients with Post-COVID-19.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2024Article
- Pituitary and SARS CoV-2: An unremitting conundrum.Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism · 2023Review
- A Closer Look at Opioid-Induced Adrenal Insufficiency: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- ME/CFS and Long COVID share similar symptoms and biological abnormalities: road map to the literature.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Review
- PITUITARY FUNCTIONS AFTER RECOVERY FROM COVID-19.Acta endocrinologica (Bucharest, Romania : 2005)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can affect multiple organs and systems, including the endocrine system. Its symptoms can last for months, resulting in post-COVID-19 conditions, among others. A small number of patients have central adrenal insufficiency (CAI) months after recovery from COVID-19; nevertheless, its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. The insulin tolerance test (ITT) is a gold standard test assessing the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) test is useful for differentiating CAI into secondary (pituitary) and tertiary (hypothalamic) adrenal insufficiency. We present a case of new-onset CAI in a young female patient who had no medical history other than COVID-19. Adrenocorticotropin hormone and cortisol responded poorly to both insulin-induced hypoglycemia and CRH administration. These findings suggest that the pituitary gland may be the primary site of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysfunction, although magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary gland was unremarkable. To our knowledge, this is possibly the first and only case report of new-onset secondary adrenal insufficiency after recovery from COVID-19 in which the ITT and the CRH test were performed and highly suggestive for the pathogenesis of not only post-COVID-19 CAI but also post-COVID-19 conditions.
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