ArticleJournal of the American Geriatrics Society2022
Out-of-pocket costs attributable to dementia: A longitudinal analysis.
Article in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Housing Assistance and Health Care Access Among Older Adults with Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias: Evidence from Multisource Linked Survey-Administrative Data.The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry · 2026Article
- Estimating the magnitude and scope of disability-related direct costs: a systematised review.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2026Article
- Changes in healthcare utilization before and after the implementation of a national dementia policy in Korea.Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E · 2026Article
- Understanding how social context shapes decisions to seek institutional care: a qualitative study of experiences of progressive cognitive decline among Latinx families.The Gerontologist · 2025Article
- "It may cost you your money, it costs you your life": a framework for financial hardship in dementia.The Gerontologist · 2025Article
- Medicaid Education and Eligibility Planning for Caregivers: Website Usability and Validation Study.JMIR aging · 2025Article
- Changes in Out-of-Pocket Drug Expenditures Among Medicare Beneficiaries With Dementia Under the Inflation Reduction Act: A Simulation Study.Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research · 2025Article
- 2025 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2025Review
- Medicare expenditures among spouses of persons with dementia.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2024Article
- 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Healthcare Cost Burden and Self-Reported Frequency of Depressive/Anxious Feelings in Older Adults.Journal of gerontological social work · 2024Article
- An outcome-wide analysis of the effects of diagnostic labeling of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias on social relationships.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Spouses of individuals living with mild cognitive impairment or dementia in the United States: A descriptive, population-based study.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- 2024 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2024Review
- Unique trans-kingdom microbiome structural and functional signatures predict cognitive decline in older adults.GeroScience · 2023Article
- Hospitalizations and Emergency Room Admissions by Mexican American Older Adults with and without Dementia and Caregiver Mental Health.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) affect 5.7 million Americans, and are expensive despite the lack of a cure or even treatments effective in managing the disease. The literature thus far has tended to focus on the costs to Medicare, even though one of the main characteristics of ADRD (the loss of independence and ability to care for oneself) incurs costs not covered by Medicare.
methodsIn this paper, we use survey data for 2002-2016 from the Health and Retirement Study to estimate the out-of-pocket costs of ADRD for the patient and their family through the first 8 years after the onset of symptoms, as defined by a standardized 27-point scale of cognitive ability. A two-part model developed by Basu and Manning (2010) allows us to separate the costs attributable to ADRD into two components, one driven by differences in longevity and one driven by differences in utilization.
resultsWe identified a cohort of 3619 incident dementia cases, 38.9% were male, and 66.9% were non-Hispanic White. Dementia onset was 77.7 years of age, on average. OOP costs attributable to dementia are $8751 over the first 8 years after the onset. These incremental costs are driven by nursing home expenditures, which are largely uninsured in the US. OOP spending is highest for whites and women.
conclusionThe financial burden of ADRD is significant, and largely attributable to the lack of wide-spread long-term care insurance.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.