ArticleJournal for immunotherapy of cancer2022
The vaccine-site microenvironment: impacts of antigen, adjuvant, and same-site vaccination on antigen presentation and immune signaling.
Article in Journal for immunotherapy of cancer, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- A data-driven cartography of NSCLC vaccine research: Quantifying the paradigm shift toward immuno-oncology combination therapies.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Advances in Therapeutic Melanoma Vaccines (2010-2025).Vaccines · 2026Review
- Protocol for recombinant expression in E. coli and purification of iBoost vaccine proteins using immobilized metal affinity chromatography.STAR protocols · 2026Article
- Toll like receptor agonist effects on human CD8+ T cell activation and expression of T cell checkpoint receptors.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Shaping Antitumor Immunity with Peptide Vaccines: Implications of Immune Modulation at the Vaccine Site.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Nodal Expansion, Tumor Infiltration and Exhaustion of Neoepitope-Specific Th Cells After Prophylactic Peptide Vaccination and Anti-CTLA4 Therapy in Mouse Melanoma B16.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Linking vaccine adjuvant mechanisms of action to function.Science immunology · 2025Review
- Increased IgG4 expression within tertiary lymphoid structures of esophageal cancer and implications for prognosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Advances in therapeutic cancer vaccines: Harnessing immune adjuvants for enhanced efficacy and future perspectives.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2024Review
- Review
- Mannan-Decorated Lipid Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticle Vaccine Increased the Antitumor Immune Response by Modulating the Tumor Microenvironment.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2024Review
- Review
- Adjuvants influence the immune cell populations present at the injection site granuloma induced by whole-cell inactivated paratuberculosis vaccines in sheep.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein at the vaccination site.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Article
- Article
- Peptide emulsions in incomplete Freund's adjuvant create effective nurseries promoting egress of systemic CD4Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2022Review
- RXRG as a Novel Biomarker and its Correlation With Immune Infiltration in Thyroid Carcinoma.In vivo (Athens, Greece)Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundA goal of cancer vaccines is to induce strong T cell responses to tumor antigens, but the delivery method, schedule, and formulation of cancer vaccines have not yet been optimized. Adjuvants serve to increase the immune response against vaccine antigens. However, little is known about the impact of adjuvants plus antigen and their delivery schedule on the immunologic milieu in the vaccine-site microenvironment (VSME). We hypothesized that antigen processing and presentation may occur directly in the VSME, that adding the toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) agonist polyICLC (pICLC) would enhance markers of immune activation, and that the immune signatures would be enhanced further by repeated vaccination in the same skin site rather than after multiple vaccines in different skin locations.
methodsUsing RNA sequencing, we evaluated VSME biopsies from patients undergoing subcutaneous/intradermal peptide vaccination against melanoma, with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) with or without pICLC. Differential gene expression analyses and gene set enrichment analyses were performed using R. False discovery rate corrected p values <0.05 were considered significant.
resultsWe found that addition of peptide antigens to IFA enhanced antigen presentation pathways and a tertiary lymphoid structure gene-signature locally at the VSME. Addition of pICLC to IFA + peptide induced an immunologically favorable VSME 1 week after injection but had little impact on the VSME after three injections, compared with IFA + peptide alone. Repeated same-site injection of IFA + peptide antigens induced a VSME with more dendritic cell activation, Th1 dominance, and TLR adaptor protein gene expression than that induced by injections at different, rotating skin locations.
conclusionsThese data suggest that the vaccine-site itself may be a critically important location contributing to vaccine immunity rather than just the draining lymph node, that IFA induces a favorable VSME with TLR agonist being most beneficial early in the vaccine course, and that same-site injections lead to persistent stimulation of immune pathways that may be beneficial in eliciting antigen specific T cell expansion.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.