ArticleNutrients2022
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Differences in Human Milk Hormone and Cytokine Concentrations in a Fully Breastfeeding United States Cohort.
Article in Nutrients, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The association between maternal factors and milk hormone concentrations: a systematic review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- The Impact of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Human Milk Metabolic Hormones: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- Alterations in Human Milk Adiponectin, Leptin, Resistin, and microRNAs in Mothers With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Compared With Healthy Controls: A Systematic Review and Network-Based Analysis.Food science & nutrition · 2026Review
- Effects of preterm birth and gestational diabetes on innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in human breast milk.Molecular and cellular pediatrics · 2026Article
- Maternal obesity during lactation as a hypertensive cardiovascular risk factor in the offspring.Experimental physiology · 2026Review
- Article
- Maternal Physical Activity and Its Relationship to the Human Milk Metabolome and Infant Body Composition.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Breastfeeding in Mothers With Type 1 Diabetes: Impact of Maternal Glycemia on Breast Milk Composition.Diabetes care · 2025Article
- Effect of Milking Interventions at Different Stages on Breastfeeding Rate and Quality in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.International journal of women's health · 2025Article
- The unrevealed links: periodontal health, human milk composition, and infant gut microbiome dynamics.Primary health care research & development · 2024Review
- Characterisation and validation of lactation information from structured electronic health records for use in pharmacoepidemiological studies.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2024Article
- Breastfeeding, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Size at Birth and Overweight/Obesity in Early Childhood.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Colostral Appetite-Regulating Adipokines.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Human Milk Nutrient Composition Data is Critically Lacking in the United States and Canada: Results from a Systematic Scoping Review of 2017-2022.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Article
- Exploring Molecular Interactions between Human Milk Hormone Insulin and Bifidobacteria.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Women's Reproductive Milestones and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Review of Reports and Opportunities From the CARDIA Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2023Review
- Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Changes Human Colostrum Immune Composition.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
It is unclear whether gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) alters breast milk composition. We prospectively examined associations of GDM status with concentrations of six potentially bioactive elements (glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), leptin, and adiponectin) in human milk. These were measured at both 1 and 3 months postpartum in 189 fully breastfeeding women. Mixed-effects linear regression assessed GDM status-related differences in these milk bioactives, adjusting for demographics, maternal factors, and diet. At 1 and 3 months postpartum, milk CRP was higher (1.46 ± 0.31 ng/mL; p < 0.001 and 1.69 ± 0.31 ng/mL; p < 0.001) in women with GDM than in women without GDM, whereas milk glucose (−5.23 ± 2.22 mg/dL; p = 0.02 and −5.70 ± 2.22; p = 0.01) and milk insulin (−0.38 ± 0.17 μIU/mL; p = 0.03 and −0.53 ± 0.17; p = 0.003) were lower in women with GDM. These significant associations remained similar after additional adjustment for maternal weight status and its changes. No difference was found for milk IL-6, leptin, and adiponectin. There was no evidence of association between these milk bioactive compounds and 1 h non-fasting oral glucose challenge serum glucose in the women without GDM. This prospective study provides evidence that potentially bioactive elements of human milk composition are altered in women with GDM.
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