SynthesisPloS one2022
Hospitalization costs of coronaviruses diseases in upper-middle-income countries: A systematic review.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Costs of inpatient care and out-of-pocket payments for COVID-19 patients: A systematic review.PloS one · 2023Pooled it
- Economic burden of respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza viruses in children of upper-middle-income countries: a systematic review.Jornal de pediatriaPooled it
- Economic Analyses of COVID-19 Interventions: A Narrative Review of Global Evidence.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Estimating the direct medical cost of illness of COVID-19 hospitalisations in Kuwait: efficiency trade-offs from real-world data analysis.Health economics review · 2025Article
- Adjusting hospital reimbursements to the onset of a new disease: Lesson from Covid-19.Health policy OPEN · 2025Article
- Direct medical cost of adult Covid-19 ınpatients and ıts determinants at a university hospital.PloS one · 2025Article
- The First Two Years of COVID-19 Hospitalization Characteristics and Costs: Results from the National Discharge Registry.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Evaluation of In-Hospital and Community-Based Healthcare Utilization and Costs During the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic in Alberta, Canada: A Population-Based Descriptive Study.Health services insights · 2024Article
- A repeated cross-sectional analysis on the economic impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic at the hospital level in Italy.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The association of patient-reported social determinants of health and hospitalization rate: A scoping review.Health science reports · 2023Article
- Symptoms, care consumption, and healthcare costs in hospitalized patients during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.PloS one · 2023Observational
- Analysis of Healthcare Costs Incurred in Regional Hospitals in Andalusia (Spain) during the COVID-19 Pandemic.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Observational
- Proteomic Analysis of Human Sputum for the Diagnosis of Lung Disorders: Where Are We Today?International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Epidemiological Trends of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Sierra Leone From March 2020 to October 2021.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCOVID-19, SARS and MERS are diseases that present an important health burden worldwide. This situation demands resource allocation to the healthcare system, affecting especially middle- and low-income countries. Thus, identifying the main cost drivers is relevant to optimize patient care and resource allocation.
objectiveTo systematically identify and summarize the current status of knowledge on direct medical hospitalization costs of SARS, MERS, or COVID-19 in Upper-Middle-Income Countries.
methodsWe conducted a systematic review across seven key databases (PubMed, EMBASE, BVS Portal, CINAHL, CRD library, MedRxiv and Research Square) from database inception to February 2021. Costs extracted were converted into 2021 International Dollars using the Purchasing Power Parity-adjusted. The assessment of quality was based on the protocol by the BMJ and CHEERS. PROSPERO 2020: CRD42020225757.
resultsNo eligible study about SARS or MERS was recovered. For COVID-19, five studies presented cost analysis performed in Brazil, China, Iran, and Turkey. Regarding total direct medical costs, the lowest cost per patient at ward was observed in Turkey ($900.08), while the highest in Brazil ($5,093.38). At ICU, the lowest was in Turkey ($2,984.78), while the highest was in China ($52,432.87). Service care was the most expressive (58% to 88%) cost driver of COVID-19 patients at ward. At ICU, there was no consensus between service care (54% to 87%) and treatment (72% to 81%) as key burdens of total cost.
conclusionOur findings elucidate the importance of COVID-19 on health-economic outcomes. The marked heterogeneity among studies leaded to substantially different results and made challenging the comparison of data to estimate pooled results for single countries or regions. Further studies concerning cost estimates from standardized analysis may provide clearer data for a more substantial analysis. This may help care providers and policy makers to organize care for patients in the most efficient way.
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