ReviewFrontiers in immunology2022
How Does the Immune System Enter the Brain?
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 99 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
99 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 146 citations in OpenAlex.
- Botulinum toxin effects on biochemical biomarkers related to inflammation-associated head and neck chronic conditions: a systematic review of clinical research.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2025Pooled it
- The potential role of the lung-brain axis in the pathophysiology of epilepsy: A hypothesis-driven perspective.Genes & diseases · 2026Review
- The Impact of Antigen Presentation on BBB Disruption and Neuroinflammation.Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- Article
- Review
- Cellular and signalling mechanisms that regulate the blood-brain barrier.Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology · 2026Review
- CAR-T cell therapy: potential for paediatric brain tumours-an update.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2026Review
- Central nervous system B cell multiomics reveals a legacy of immune dysregulation in long-term treated HIV infection.Science advances · 2026Article
- A 'Tangled Web' in the CNS: unraveling neutrophil extracellular traps in neurological disorders.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- Endocytic turnover of endothelial cell-membrane proteins as a driver of rat blood-brain barrier specialization and dysfunction.iScience · 2026Article
- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection causes human germinal center B cell-derived lymphomas in the absence of EBNA2 expression.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Strategies for blood-brain barrier rejuvenation and repair.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2026Review
- Predictive value of peripheral blood lymphocytes for glaucoma susceptibility: a clinical observational study.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Observational
- Rethinking MS Therapeutics: From Disease Pathogenesis Mechanisms to AI-Driven Drug Discovery.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2026Review
- Gut-brain axis in health and brain disease.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- The meninges as a neuroimmune interface: structure, barriers and roles in CNS disease.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2026Review
- Endothelial cells temporally orchestrate lymphocyte dynamics and functional outcomes after ischemic stroke.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2026Article
- CNS-targeted NLRP3 Inhibition by NT-0527 confers therapeutic advantage in a CAPS mouse model.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Postoperative neurocognitive disorder: migration and crosstalk of inflammation in the peripheral and central nervous system.Perioperative medicine (London, England) · 2026Review
- FAM168B identified as a novel candidate target for chimeric antigen receptor T cell-based cancer therapy.Discover oncology · 2026Review
39 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is considered the most frequent inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It occurs with a variable prevalence across the world. A rich armamentarium of disease modifying therapies selectively targeting specific actions of the immune system is available for the treatment of MS. Understanding how and where immune cells are primed, how they access the CNS in MS and how immunomodulatory treatments affect neuroinflammation requires a proper knowledge on the mechanisms regulating immune cell trafficking and the special anatomy of the CNS. The brain barriers divide the CNS into different compartments that differ with respect to their accessibility to cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. In steady state, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits immune cell trafficking to activated T cells, which can reach the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) filled compartments to ensure CNS immune surveillance. In MS immune cells breach a second barrier, the glia limitans to reach the CNS parenchyma. Here we will summarize the role of the endothelial, epithelial and glial brain barriers in regulating immune cell entry into the CNS and which immunomodulatory treatments for MS target the brain barriers. Finally, we will explore current knowledge on genetic and environmental factors that may influence immune cell entry into the CNS during neuroinflammation in Africa.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.