ArticleNature communications2022
Divergent trajectories of antiviral memory after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Article in Nature communications, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
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28citing papers in PubMed
3.1field-weighted citation impact, top 7% of its field
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Durability of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination in people living with HIV.JCI insight · 2022Trial
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- Immunology of RNA-based vaccines: The critical interplay between inflammation and expression.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Review
- Reading of human acute immune dynamics in omicron SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Integrative mapping of preexisting influenza immune landscapes predicts vaccine response.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- Machine learning approaches to dissect hybrid and vaccine-induced immunity.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Comparative duration of neutralizing responses and protections of COVID-19 vaccination and correlates of protection.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Complement-mediated enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 antibody neutralisation potency in vaccinated individuals.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Serological analysis in humans in Malaysian Borneo suggests prior exposure to H5 avian influenza near migratory shorebird habitats.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Obesity differs from diabetes mellitus in antibody and T-cell responses post-COVID-19 recovery.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2024Article
- Protection Conferred by COVID-19 Vaccination, Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection, or Hybrid Immunity Against Omicron-Associated Severe Outcomes Among Community-Dwelling Adults.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Article
- Immune responses and clinical outcomes after COVID-19 vaccination in patients with liver disease and liver transplant recipients.Journal of hepatology · 2024Article
- Southeast Asia initiative to combat SARS-CoV-2 variants (SEACOVARIANTS) consortium.Wellcome open research · 2024Article
- Evaluation of QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 interferon-γ release assay following SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2023Observational
- Article
- Evolution of long-term vaccine-induced and hybrid immunity in healthcare workers after different COVID-19 vaccine regimens.Med (New York, N.Y.) · 2023Article
- Pre-clinical models to define correlates of protection for SARS-CoV-2.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- T cell immune memory after covid-19 and vaccination.BMJ medicine · 2023Review
- Body fat percentage is independently and inversely associated with serum antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
66 authors at 12 institutions in 3 countries.
Adriana Tomic *Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. info@adrianatomic.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9885-3535
Donal T Skelly *Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2426-3097
Ane Ogbe *Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7774-7215
Daniel O'Connor *Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6902-9886
Matthew PacePeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Emily AdlandPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Frances AlexanderUnited Kingdom Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, England.
Mohammad AliPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0170-7182
Kirk AllottDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
M Azim AnsariPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Sandra Belij-RammerstorferJenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Sagida BibiOxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Luke BlackwellOxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Anthony BrownPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6751-3300
Helen BrownPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Breeze CavellUnited Kingdom Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, England.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9897-1590
Elizabeth A ClutterbuckOxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Thushan de SilvaThe Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6498-9212
David EyreOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5095-6367
Sheila LumleyPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Amy FlaxmanJenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6460-1372
James GristDepartment of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Carl-Philipp HacksteinPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0821-5204
Rachel HalkerstonUnited Kingdom Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, England.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6420-3331
Adam C HardingJames & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Jennifer HillOxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Tim JamesDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
Cecilia JayPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2387-9225
Síle A JohnsonPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Barbara KronsteinerPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Yolanda LieMonogram Biosciences LabCorp, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Aline LinderOxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Stephanie LongetUnited Kingdom Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, England.
Spyridoula MarinouOxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0764-5966
Philippa C MatthewsPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4036-4269
Jack MellorsUnited Kingdom Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, England.
Christos PetropoulosMonogram Biosciences LabCorp, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5496-8090
Patpong RongkardPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Cynthia SedikMonogram Biosciences LabCorp, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Laura Silva-ReyesOxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Holly SmithJenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Lisa StockdaleOxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2576-8783
Stephen TaylorUnited Kingdom Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, England.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9936-8539
Stephen ThomasUnited Kingdom Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, England.
Timothy TipoePeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Lance TurtleHPRU in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0778-1693
Vinicius Adriano VieiraPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4901-0424
Terri WrinMonogram Biosciences LabCorp, San Francisco, CA, USA.
OPTIC Clinical Group
PITCH Study Group
C-MORE Group
Andrew J PollardOxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7361-719X
Teresa LambeJenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7711-897X
Chris P ConlonNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3531-2464
Katie JefferyOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6506-2689
Simon TravisOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2690-4361
Philip GoulderPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9842-4674
John FraterPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7163-7277
Alex J MentzerOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4502-2209
Lizzie StaffordNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1610-5136
Miles W CarrollUnited Kingdom Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, England.
William S JamesJames & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2506-1198
Paul Klenerman *Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Eleanor Barnes *Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. ellie.barnes@ndm.ox.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0860-0831
Christina Dold *Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Susanna J Dunachie *Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5665-6293
University of Oxford · GBCentre for Human Genetics · GBOxford University Hospitals NHS Trust · GBLabCorp (United States) · USMahidol University · THOxford BioMedica (United Kingdom) · GBUniversity of Liverpool · GBNewcastle University · GBNewcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust · GBSheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust · GBUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust · GBUniversity of Sheffield · GB
Funding
Medical Research Council MR/L006588/1Wellcome Trust 204721/Z/16/ZWellcome Trust 211153/Z/18/Z
Abstract
The trajectories of acquired immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection are not fully understood. We present a detailed longitudinal cohort study of UK healthcare workers prior to vaccination, presenting April-June 2020 with asymptomatic or symptomatic infection. Here we show a highly variable range of responses, some of which (T cell interferon-gamma ELISpot, N-specific antibody) wane over time, while others (spike-specific antibody, B cell memory ELISpot) are stable. We use integrative analysis and a machine-learning approach (SIMON - Sequential Iterative Modeling OverNight) to explore this heterogeneity. We identify a subgroup of participants with higher antibody responses and interferon-gamma ELISpot T cell responses, and a robust trajectory for longer term immunity associates with higher levels of neutralising antibodies against the infecting (Victoria) strain and also against variants B.1.1.7 (alpha) and B.1.351 (beta). These variable trajectories following early priming may define subsequent protection from severe disease from novel variants.
Indexed as
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2Antibodies, ViralAntiviral AgentsHumansLongitudinal StudiesSpike Glycoprotein, CoronavirusAntibodies, ViralAntiviral AgentsSpike Glycoprotein, Coronavirusspike protein, SARS-CoV-2
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.