ReviewBMC musculoskeletal disorders2022
Muscle architecture, growth, and biological Remodelling in cerebral palsy: a narrative review.
Review in BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- Alterations in intramuscular connective tissue in hypertonic muscle: a scoping review.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Pooled it
- Does botulinum neurotoxin A make walking easier in children with cerebral palsy? A randomized clinical trial.Developmental medicine and child neurology · 2025Trial
- Transcranial photobiomodulation therapy associated with cardiorespiratory rehabilitation in spastic subjects.Lasers in medical science · 2023Trial
- Effects of progressive functional ankle exercises in spastic cerebral palsy, plantarflexors versus dorsiflexors: a randomized trial.Turkish journal of medical sciences · 2023Trial
- Pediatric spasticity in Brazil: insights from a neurosurgical referral center.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2026Article
- Fascial Manipulation Compared to Stretching for Rehabilitation of Children With Cerebral Palsy: Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Influence of age on walking performance among adults with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Review
- Observational
- [Effectiveness of TZhongguo xiu fu chong jian wai ke za zhi = Zhongguo xiufu chongjian waike zazhi = Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery · 2026Article
- Temporal Neuromuscular Adaptations and Proteomic Signatures Following Botulinum Neurotoxin A Injection in Spastic Hemiplegia Rats.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Single cell analysis of muscle contracture in cerebral palsy reveals profibrotic and antimyogenic stem cell populations with altered cell-cell interactions.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2026Article
- Exercise-induced fatigability is exacerbated amongst older adults with cerebral palsy compared to younger counterparts.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Cross-Segmental Transfer Effects of Lower Limb Cross-Training Priming on Upper Extremity Functional Recovery in Pediatric Unilateral Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Influence of Immobilization, Stretching, and Activity on Isometric Muscle Strength and Gait in Young People with Spastic Cerebral Palsy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Clinimetric evaluation of the 1-minute sit-to-stand test as a functional performance measure associated with quadriceps strength in children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- The relationship between exposure to long-term training, neuromuscular function and muscular structure in adolescents with cerebral palsy and typically-developed peers: a cross-sectional follow-up analysis.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2026Observational
- Morphological and Biochemical Abnormalities of Gracilis Muscle from Children with Cerebral Palsy.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2026Article
- Upper-limb range of motion in children with cerebral palsy treated with botulinum neurotoxin: a population-based cohort study.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2026Article
- Cine Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Calf Muscle Contraction in Pediatric Patients with Cerebral Palsy and Healthy Children: Comparison of Voluntary Motion and Electrically Evoked Motion.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is caused by a static lesion to the brain occurring in utero or up to the first 2 years of life; it often manifests as musculoskeletal impairments and movement disorders including spasticity and contractures. Variable manifestation of the pathology across individuals, coupled with differing mechanics and treatments, leads to a heterogeneous collection of clinical phenotypes that affect muscles and individuals differently. Growth of muscles in CP deviates from typical development, evident as early as 15 months of age. Muscles in CP may be reduced in volume by as much as 40%, may be shorter in length, present longer tendons, and may have fewer sarcomeres in series that are overstretched compared to typical. Macroscale and functional deficits are likely mediated by dysfunction at the cellular level, which manifests as impaired growth. Within muscle fibres, satellite cells are decreased by as much as 40-70% and the regenerative capacity of remaining satellite cells appears compromised. Impaired muscle regeneration in CP is coupled with extracellular matrix expansion and increased pro-inflammatory gene expression; resultant muscles are smaller, stiffer, and weaker than typical muscle. These differences may contribute to individuals with CP participating in less physical activity, thus decreasing opportunities for mechanical loading, commencing a vicious cycle of muscle disuse and secondary sarcopenia. This narrative review describes the effects of CP on skeletal muscles encompassing substantive changes from whole muscle function to cell-level effects and the effects of common treatments. We discuss growth and mechanics of skeletal muscles in CP and propose areas where future work is needed to understand these interactions, particularly the link between neural insult and cell-level manifestation of CP.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.