SynthesisInternational journal of environmental research and public health2022
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Schools in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Synthesis in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Determinants of diarrhoeal diseases among under-five children in Africa (2013-2023): a comprehensive systematic review highlighting geographic variances, socioeconomic influences, and environmental factors.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- A review on prospects, challenges, stakeholders and strategies for the implementation of water, sanitation and hygiene in developing countries towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal 4.African journal of primary health care & family medicine · 2026Review
- Assessment of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) of living surroundings and school environment among adolescent high school students in Northwest Ethiopia: mixed method study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Adolescent-led Our Voice method to promote healthy and active lifestyles and environments in South Africa.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- A review of the drivers and barriers influencing the impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene on attendance and retention of pupils in primary schools in developing countries.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Factors enhancing operation and maintenance of sanitation facilities for improved service levels in Kampala Schools.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Baseline Assessment of Handwashing Behavior, Hand Hygiene Conditions, and Wellbeing in Primary Schools in Nigeria.International journal of public health · 2025Article
- Factors influencing hygienic behavior among students in Central Kazakhstan during COVID-19.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Infrastructure and Resources in Schools in Belize during the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2021-2023.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Conditions in Public Elementary Schools in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Incarceration, menstruation and COVID-19: a viewpoint of the exacerbated inequalities and health disparities in South African correctional facilities.International journal of prisoner health · 2023Article
- Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in schools in Brazil pre-and peri-COVID-19 pandemic: Are schools making any progress?International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2023Article
- Menstrual health and management during the COVID-19 syndemic in the Barcelona area (Spain): A qualitative study.Women's health (London, England)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the extent to which schools are struggling with the provision of safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). To describe the WASH conditions in schools and discuss the implications for the safe reopening of schools during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature on WASH in schools in low- and middle-income countries was performed. In April 2021, five databases, including MEDLINE (via PubMed), Web of Science, Scopus, AJOL, and LILACS, were used to identify studies. Sixty-five papers met the inclusion criteria. We extracted and analyzed data considering the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) definitions and the normative contents of Human Rights to safe drinking water and sanitation. Publications included in this systematic review considered 18,465 schools, across 30 different countries. Results indicate a lack of adequate WASH conditions and menstrual hygiene management requirements in all countries. The largely insufficient and inadequate school infrastructure hampers students to practice healthy hygiene habits and handwashing in particular. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, being hindered to implement such a key strategy to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the school environment is of major concern.
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