ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2022
RETRACTED: Metformin and Breast Cancer: Where Are We Now?
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 41 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 87 citations in OpenAlex.
- Linking Physical Activity to Breast Cancer Risk via the Insulin/Insulin-like Growth Factor Signaling System, Part 2: The Effect of Insulin/Insulin-like Growth Factor Signaling on Breast Cancer Risk.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2022Pooled it
- Impact of Metformin Use on Clinical and Pathological Outcomes in Breast Cancer Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Article
- Metformin and weight loss medication impact on survival outcomes in older women with obesity-related cancers.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- RETRACTED: Cejuela et al. Metformin and Breast Cancer: Where Are We Now?International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Respiratory complex I-mediated NADMolecular oncology · 2025Article
- [Overview of the prevalence and features of oncological diseases in type 2 diabetes and possible immunological mechanisms].Problemy endokrinologii · 2025Review
- Metformin-Based Combination Approaches for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Investigation of potential anti-metastatic effect of metformin and caffeic acid combination therapy in breast cancer cell line in in-vitro culture model.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Article
- Metformin upregulates circadian gene PER2 to inhibit growth and enhance the sensitivity of glioblastoma cell lines to radiotherapy via SIRT2/G6PD pathway.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Global disease burden of breast cancer attributable to high fasting plasma glucose: a comprehensive analysis from the global burden of disease study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Obesity, overweight and breast cancer: new clinical data and implications for practice.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Review
- Global, reginal, national burden and risk factors in female breast cancer from 1990 to 2021.iScience · 2024Article
- Metformin: Beyond Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Cureus · 2024Review
- Article
- Efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors in solid tumor patients combined with chronic coronary syndromes or its risk factor: a nationwide multicenter cohort study.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2024Observational
- New evidence: Metformin unsuitable as routine adjuvant for breast cancer: a drug-target mendelian randomization analysis.BMC cancer · 2024Article
- Nanomaterials modulate tumor-associated macrophages for the treatment of digestive system tumors.Bioactive materials · 2024Review
- Metabolic dysregulation in obese women and the carcinogenesis of gynecological tumors: A review.Biomolecules & biomedicine · 2024Review
- Metformin: From Diabetes to Cancer-Unveiling Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies.Biology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
- Retracted
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death among women worldwide. Type 2 diabetes-associated metabolic traits such as hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, inflammation, oxidative stress, and obesity are well-known risk factors for breast cancer. The insulin sensitizer metformin, one of the most prescribed oral antidiabetic drugs, has been suggested to function as an antitumoral agent, based on epidemiological and retrospective clinical data as well as preclinical studies showing an antiproliferative effect in cultured breast cancer cells and animal models. These benefits provided a strong rationale to study the effects of metformin in routine clinical care of breast cancer patients. However, the initial enthusiasm was tempered after disappointing results in randomized controlled trials, particularly in the metastatic setting. Here, we revisit the current state of the art of metformin mechanisms of action, critically review past and current metformin-based clinical trials, and briefly discuss future perspectives on how to incorporate metformin into the oncologist's armamentarium for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.