ArticleCancers2022
Dual Effect of Combined Metformin and 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose Treatment on Mitochondrial Biogenesis and PD-L1 Expression in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells.
Article in Cancers, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Research progresses and hotspots on glucose metabolic reprogramming in breast cancer: a bibliometric analysis over the past two decades.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Pooled it
- Efficacy of LNP@2DG-DON liposomal nanoparticles in tumor inhibition and immune activation.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Decoding the Hexosamine Biosynthesis Pathway: Implications for Novel Therapeutic Strategies in Sarcoma.Journal of cellular physiology · 2026Review
- Metabolic Vulnerabilities as a Therapeutic Target in Breast Cancer.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2026Review
- Anticancer Effect of Pacificusoside D from the StarfishMarine drugs · 2026Article
- The TRIM-cancer paradox: BCG as a programmable vaccine platform and a mechanistic probe for rational immunotherapy design.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Glycosylation Profiles in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Bibliometric Analysis.Health data science · 2026Article
- Oxidative phosphorylation and breast cancer progression: insights into PGC-1α's role in mitochondrial function.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Targeting Mitochondrial Quality Control for the Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: From Molecular Mechanisms to Precision Therapy.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Synergistic Effects of 2-Deoxyglucose and Diclofenac Sodium on Breast Cancer Cells: A Comparative Evaluation of MDA-231 and MCF7 Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Metformin-Based Combination Approaches for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Post-translational modifications of immune checkpoints: unlocking new potentials in cancer immunotherapy.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2025Review
- MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells adapted to anchorage-independent growth reveal senescent-like phenotype and persistent downregulation of PD-L1 expression.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Physiologically Achievable Concentration of 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose Stimulates IFN-γ Secretion in Activated T Cells In Vitro.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Glycosylation: mechanisms, biological functions and clinical implications.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- N-linked glycosylation of PD-L1/PD-1: an emerging target for cancer diagnosis and treatment.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Review
- A New Quinone-Based Inhibitor of Mitochondrial Complex I in D-Conformation, Producing Invasion Reduction and Sensitization to Venetoclax in Breast Cancer Cells.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Low glucose availability potentiates the effects of metformin on model T cell activation and exhaustion markersFrontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Metformin and Its Immune-Mediated Effects in Various Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose: A Novel Pharmacological Agent for Killing Hypoxic Tumor Cells, Oxygen Dependence-Lowering in Covid-19, and Other Pharmacological Activities.Advances in pharmacological and pharmaceutical sciences · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Metformin and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) exhibit multiple metabolic and immunomodulatory anti-cancer effects, such as suppressed proliferation or PD-L1 expression. Their combination or 2DG alone induce triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell detachment, but their effects on mitochondria, crucial for anchorage-independent growth and metastasis formation, have not yet been evaluated. In the present study, we explored the effects of metformin, 2DG and their combination (metformin + 2DG) on TNBC cell mitochondria in vitro. Metformin + 2DG increased mitochondrial mass in TNBC cells. This was associated with an increased size but not number of morphologically normal mitochondria and driven by the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis rather than suppressed mitophagy. 2DG and metformin + 2DG strongly induced the unfolded protein response by inhibiting protein N-glycosylation. Together with adequate energy stress, this was one of the possible triggers of mitochondrial enlargement. Suppressed N-glycosylation by 2DG or metformin + 2DG also caused PD-L1 deglycosylation and reduced surface expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. PD-L1 was increased in low glucose and normalized by both drugs. 2DG and metformin + 2DG reduced PD-1 expression in Jurkat cells beyond the effects on activation, while cytokine secretion was mostly preserved. Despite increasing mitochondrial mass in TNBC cells, metformin and 2DG could therefore potentially be used as an adjunct therapy to improve anti-tumor immunity in TNBC.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.