ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2022
Raw and Cooked Vegetable Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Study of 400,000 Adults in UK Biobank.
Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dose-Response Associations Between Diet and Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.Nutrients · 2024Pooled it
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- Genetically Predicted Vegetable Intake and Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors: An Investigation with Mendelian Randomization.Nutrients · 2023Pooled it
- Genetic evidence for associations between food intake and prostatic diseases: a Mendelian randomization study.The Canadian journal of urology · 2026Article
- Measures of comorbid cardiometabolic burden and cardiovascular disease risk in people with MRI-confirmed steatotic liver disease: a prospective cohort study.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2026Article
- Loneliness, social isolation and stroke risk in men and women with and without diabetes.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Psychosocial and behavioral risk patterns and risk of cardiovascular complications in people with type 2 diabetes.Diabetes research and clinical practice · 2025Article
- Impact of thermal processing on polyphenols, carotenoids, glucosinolates, and ascorbic acid in fruit and vegetables and their cardiovascular benefits.Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety · 2024Review
- Fresh fruit, dried fruit, raw vegetables, and cooked vegetables consumption associated with progression trajectory of type 2 diabetes: a multi-state analysis of a prospective cohort.European journal of nutrition · 2024Article
- Waist-to-height ratio and body fat percentage as risk factors for ischemic cardiovascular disease: a prospective cohort study from UK Biobank.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2024Article
- Prospective study design and data analysis in UK Biobank.Science translational medicine · 2024Review
- Article
- Dietary magnesium intake is related to larger brain volumes and lower white matter lesions with notable sex differences.European journal of nutrition · 2023Article
- Prospective Analysis Reveals Associations between Carbohydrate Intakes, Genetic Predictors of Short-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis, and Colorectal Cancer Risk.Cancer research · 2023Article
- Editorial: Causal inference in diet, nutrition and health outcomes.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- Socioeconomic status may affect association of vegetable intake with risk of ischemic cardio-cerebral vascular disease: a Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- The Relationship between Dietary Patterns and High Blood Glucose among Adults Based on Structural Equation Modelling.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Cooking Methods and Their Relationship with Anthropometrics and Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Older Spanish Adults.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Association between Adequate Fruit and Vegetable Intake and CVDs-Associated Risk Factors among the Malaysian Adults: Findings from a Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Commentary: Raw and Cooked Vegetable Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Study of 400,000 Adults in UK Biobank.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: Higher levels of vegetable consumption have been associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the independent effect of raw and cooked vegetable consumption remains unclear. Methods: From the UK Biobank cohort, 399,586 participants without prior CVD were included in the analysis. Raw and cooked vegetable intakes were measured with a validated dietary questionnaire at baseline. Multivariable Cox regression was used to estimate the associations between vegetable intake and CVD incidence and mortality, adjusted for socioeconomic status, health status, and lifestyle factors. The potential effect of residual confounding was assessed by calculating the percentage reduction in the likelihood ratio (LR) statistics after adjustment for the confounders. Results: The mean age was 56 years and 55% were women. Mean intakes of raw and cooked vegetables were 2.3 and 2.8 tablespoons/day, respectively. During 12 years of follow-up, 18,052 major CVD events and 4,406 CVD deaths occurred. Raw vegetable intake was inversely associated with both CVD incidence (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) [95% CI] for the highest vs. lowest intake: 0.89 [0.83-0.95]) and CVD mortality (0.85 [0.74-0.97]), while cooked vegetable intake was not (1.00 [0.91-1.09] and 0.96 [0.80-1.13], respectively). Adjustment for potential confounders reduced the LR statistics for the associations of raw vegetables with CVD incidence and mortality by 82 and 87%, respectively. Conclusions: Higher intakes of raw, but not cooked, vegetables were associated with lower CVD risk. Residual confounding is likely to account for much, if not all, of the observed associations. This study suggests the need to reappraise the evidence on the burden of CVD disease attributable to low vegetable intake in the high-income populations.
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