SynthesisBMJ sexual & reproductive health2022
Factors associated with female genital mutilation: a systematic review and synthesis of national, regional and community-based studies.
Synthesis in BMJ sexual & reproductive health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of female genital mutilation and associated factors among women and girls in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- The global prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting: A systematic review and meta-analysis of national, regional, facility, and school-based studies.PLoS medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Maternal education-related inequality in female genital mutilation/cutting among daughters aged 0-14 years in three East African countries: DHS data from 2016-2022.Global health action · 2026Article
- Female genital mutilation: prevalence and factors associated with its type among women of reproductive age group in Somaliland: further analysis of 2020 Demographic and Health Survey Data.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2026Article
- Universal Female Genital Mutilation and High Burden of Infibulation in Mogadishu: Cross-Sectional Study on Severity, Types, and Associated Factors Among Adolescent Girls in Somalia.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Cervical Screening Experiences among Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Muslim Women in Australia: A Scoping Review.Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2026Article
- Machine learning based classification of female genital mutilation in 11 Sub-Saharan African countries using demographic and health survey data.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Trends in female genital mutilation (FGM) among Senegalese women and their daughters : a secondary analysis of Senegal DHS from 2015 to 2023.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Modelling the risk factors associated with female genital mutilation among the under-five children in Ethiopia, a retrospective study.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- Prevalence and determinants of female genital mutilation: current insights from ten at-risk countries in Sub-Saharan Africa.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Female genital mutilation among children in Ethiopia: A time-to-event analysis of age at circumcision.PloS one · 2025Article
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- Factors associated with infibulation among girls who underwent female genital mutilation in Guinea: Analysis DHS 2018.Journal of public health in Africa · 2025Review
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- A retrospective analysis of the trends in the prevalence of female genital mutilation and associated factors among women of reproductive age in Nigeria 2011-2021.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2024Article
- Female genital mutilation and its associated factors among adolescent girls and young women in Tanzania: analysis of the 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey (2022 TDHS-MIS).BMC public health · 2024Article
- Female genital mutilation: trends, economic burden of delay and basis for public health interventions.International journal for equity in health · 2024Article
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- Prevalence and determinants of female genital amputation among adolescent girls and young women in Ethiopia: multilevel analysis.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThis systematic review aimed to identify and describe the factors that influence female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C).
methodsSearches were conducted in Medline, PsycInfo, Web of Science, Embase and the grey literature from 2009 to March 2020 with no language restrictions, using related MESH terms and keywords. Studies were included if they were quantitative and examined factors associated with FGM/C. Two researchers independently screened studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed study quality. The direction, strength and consistency of the association were evaluated for determinants, presented as a descriptive summary, and were disaggregated by age and region.
resultsOf 2230 studies identified, 54 published articles were included. The majority of studies were from the African Region (n=29) followed by the Eastern Mediterranean Region (n=18). A lower level of maternal education, family history of FGM/C, or belonging to the Muslim religion (in certain contexts) increased the likelihood of FGM/C. The majority of studies that examined higher paternal education (for girls only) and living in an urban region showed a reduced likelihood of FGM/C, while conflicting evidence remained for wealth. Several studies reported that FGM/C literacy, and low community FGM/C prevalence were associated with a reduced likelihood of FGM/C.
conclusionsThere were several characteristics that appear to be associated with FGM/C, and these will better enable the targeting of policies and interventions. Importantly, parental education may be instrumental in enabling communities and countries to meet the Sustainable Development Goals.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.