ReviewThe British journal of ophthalmology2023
Establishing a method to estimate the effect of antimyopia management options on lifetime cost of myopia.
Review in The British journal of ophthalmology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Benefits and risks of orthokeratology treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International ophthalmology · 2024Pooled it
- Slowing myopia progression with cylindrical annular refractive elements (CARE) spectacle lenses-Year 1 results from a 2-year prospective, multi-centre trial.Acta ophthalmologica · 2025Trial
- Effect of low-dose atropine eyedrops on pupil metrics: results after half a year of treatment and cessation.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2023Trial
- Habitual Spectacle-Corrected Distance Visual Acuity and Axial Elongation in School-Based Myopia Screening: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Myopia management functional lenses (MMFL): a bibliometric analysis of multidisciplinary perspective and trend insights in the context of vision health.International ophthalmology · 2026Review
- Atropine-Loaded Contact Lens Sustained-Release Systems: A Narrative Review for the New Frontier for Myopia Management.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2026Review
- Pretreatment myopia progression is associated with the response to 0.01% atropine: aFrontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- The prevalence and costs of optical correction for childhood myopia in Scotland.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Article
- The need to address the myopia pandemic: summary report of the global myopia public health summit 2024.Global health research and policy · 2025Article
- Decision Tree Modeling to Predict Myopia Progression in Children Treated with Atropine: Toward Precision Ophthalmology.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Optimising non-cycloplegic screening strategies for early detection of pre-myopia and myopia in young children.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Article
- Access to Myopia Care in the United States-A Narrative Review.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Review
- Childhood Myopia Part II: Treatment Mechanisms, Emerging Options, and Considerations.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Review
- Cost-effectiveness of myopia-control spectacles and contact lenses for children and adolescents in Wales.Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E · 2025Article
- Absolute Risks and Decision Tools for Communicating the Risks of Visual Impairment From Myopia-Related Diseases.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Review
- Myopia control efficacy of spectacle lenses with highly aspherical lenslets: results of a 5-year follow-up study.Eye and vision (London, England) · 2025Article
- Ocular biological characteristics of children with myopia and rapid axial length changes treated with spectacles with highly aspherical lenslets.International journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Lifetime cost-effectiveness of myopia control intervention for the children population.Journal of global health · 2024Article
- Commercial Versus Compounded Preparations in Pediatric Ophthalmology.Paediatric drugs · 2024Review
- The Current and Future Landscape of the Childhood Myopia Epidemic in China-A Review.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundInformed decisions on myopia management require an understanding of financial impact. We describe methodology for estimating lifetime myopia costs, with comparison across management options, using exemplars in Australia and China.
methodsWe demonstrate a process for modelling lifetime costs of traditional myopia management (TMM=full, single-vision correction) and active myopia management (AMM) options with clinically meaningful treatment efficacy. Evidence-based, location-specific and ethnicity-specific progression data determined the likelihood of all possible refractive outcomes. Myopia care costs were collected from published sources and key informants. Refractive and ocular health decisions were based on standard clinical protocols that responded to the speed of progression, level of myopia, and associated risks of pathology and vision impairment. We used the progressions, costs, protocols and risks to estimate and compare lifetime cost of myopia under each scenario and tested the effect of 0%, 3% and 5% annual discounting, where discounting adjusts future costs to 2020 value.
resultsLow-dose atropine, antimyopia spectacles, antimyopia multifocal soft contact lenses and orthokeratology met our AMM inclusion criteria. Lifetime cost for TMM with 3% discounting was US$7437 (CI US$4953 to US$10 740) in Australia and US$8006 (CI US$3026 to US$13 707) in China. The lowest lifetime cost options with 3% discounting were antimyopia spectacles (US$7280, CI US$5246 to US$9888) in Australia and low-dose atropine (US$4453, CI US$2136 to US$9115) in China.
conclusionsFinancial investment in AMM during childhood may be balanced or exceeded across a lifetime by reduced refractive progression, simpler lenses, and reduced risk of pathology and vision loss. Our methodology can be applied to estimate cost in comparable scenarios.
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Registered trials
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