ArticlePloS one2022
The IgA in milk induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection is comprised of mainly secretory antibody that is neutralizing and highly durable over time.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine-Elicited Antibody Responses in Human Milk.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2025Article
- Impact of Maternal Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 on Immunological Components of Breast Milk.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Impact of maternal COVID-19 infection on offspring immunity and maternal-fetal outcomes at different pregnancy stages: a cohort study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Observational
- Development and Concordance of Binding and Neutralizing Assays to Determine SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Activity in Human Milk.Pathogens & immunity · 2025Article
- Immune response in breastmilk of Black women to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination against COVID-19.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- In vivo antiviral efficacy of LCTG-002, a pooled, purified human milk secretory IgA product, against SARS-CoV-2 in a murine model of COVID-19.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Unique Kinetics of the Human Milk Antibody Response to JYNNEOS Vaccine for Prevention of Monkey Pox: A Case Study.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in breast milk of women given one & two doses of COVID-19 vaccine.The Indian journal of medical research · 2024Article
- Factors Influencing Breast Milk Antibody Titers during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: An Observational Study.Nutrients · 2024Observational
- Anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in human breast milk following SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy: a prospective cohort study.International breastfeeding journal · 2024Article
- The Secretory IgA Response in Human Milk Against the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Is Highly Durable and Neutralizing for At Least 1 Year of Lactation Postinfection.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2023Article
- The secretory IgA (sIgA) response in human milk against the SARS-CoV-2 Spike is highly durable and neutralizing for at least 1 year of lactation post-infection.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD-specific IgA and IgG antibodies in breast milk after vaccination with the protein subunit vaccine Abdala.Infectious medicine · 2022Article
- Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in breast milk during lactation after infection or vaccination: A cohort study.Journal of reproductive immunology · 2022Article
- Survival of Vaccine-Induced Human Milk SARS-CoV-2 IgG, IgA and SIgA Immunoglobulins across Simulated Human Infant Gastrointestinal Digestion.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Role of the humoral immune response during COVID-19: guilty or not guilty?Mucosal immunology · 2022Review
- Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgG in human milk after vaccination is dependent on vaccine type and previous SARS-CoV-2 exposure: a longitudinal study.Genome medicine · 2022Observational
- Durable antibody and effector memory T cell responses in breastmilk from women with SARS-CoV-2.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- SARS-CoV-2-Specific IgG and IgA response in maternal blood and breastmilk of vaccinated naïve and convalescent lactating participants.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Approximately 10% of infants infected with SARS-CoV-2 will experience COVID-19 illness requiring advanced care. A potential mechanism to protect this population is passive immunization via the milk of a previously infected person. We and others have reported on the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in human milk. We now report the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgA in the milk of 74 COVID-19-recovered participants, and find that 89% of samples are positive for Spike-specific IgA. In a subset of these samples, 95% exhibited robust IgA activity as determined by endpoint binding titer, with 50% considered high-titer. These IgA-positive samples were also positive for Spike-specific secretory antibody. Levels of IgA antibodies and secretory antibodies were shown to be strongly positively correlated. The secretory IgA response was dominant among the milk samples tested compared to the IgG response, which was present in 75% of samples and found to be of high-titer in only 13% of cases. Our IgA durability analysis using 28 paired samples, obtained 4-6 weeks and 4-10 months after infection, found that all samples exhibited persistently significant Spike-specific IgA, with 43% of donors exhibiting increasing IgA titers over time. Finally, COVID-19 and pre-pandemic control milk samples were tested for the presence of neutralizing antibodies; 6 of 8 COVID-19 samples exhibited neutralization of Spike-pseudotyped VSV (IC50 range, 2.39-89.4ug/mL) compared to 1 of 8 controls. IgA binding and neutralization capacities were found to be strongly positively correlated. These data are highly relevant to public health, not only in terms of the protective capacity of these antibodies for breastfed infants, but also for the potential use of such antibodies as a COVID-19 therapeutic, given that secretory IgA is highly in all mucosal compartments.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.