ArticleGlia2022
Microglia integration into human midbrain organoids leads to increased neuronal maturation and functionality.
Article in Glia, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 116 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
116 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 154 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mapping the Cerebral Organoid Landscape: A Systematic Review of Preclinical 3D Models in Neuroscience.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Pooled it
- Immunoids: Building immunocompetent organoids from human pluripotent stem cells.Cell stem cell · 2026Review
- Organoids: Key advances, optimization, and technological iterations in their application to neurodegenerative diseases.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Brain organoids as models of extracellular vesicle-mediated human neural communication.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Human iPSC-Derived Brain Organoids: A Disease-Oriented Evaluation of Modeling Fidelity.The European journal of neuroscience · 2026Review
- Human Stem Cell-Derived Models of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimmune System.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Advances and applications of brain organoids in central nervous system disorders: Bridging the gap from laboratory to clinic.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Article
- Using iPSC models to examine neuron-glia interactions in neurodegenerative diseases.Bioscience reports · 2026Review
- Modelling brain tumours with organoids: towards precision medicine in neuro-oncology.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- Electrophysiological development and functional plasticity in dissociated human cerebral organoids across multiple cell lines.Cell reports methods · 2026Article
- Advances in hiPSC-Derived Brain Organoids as a Model to Study Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease.Journal of neurochemistry · 2026Review
- Article
- Review
- Organoid-Immune Co-Cultures: A Next-Generation approach to disease modeling.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- De novo H3.3K27M-altered diffuse midline glioma in human brainstem organoids to dissect GD2 CAR T cell function.Nature cancer · 2026Article
- Chimeric brain models to study human glial-neuronal and macroglial-microglial interactions.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Molecular signaling pathways shaping astrocyte-microglia crosstalk in health and disease.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2026Review
- AI and organoid platforms for brain-targeted theranostics.Theranostics · 2026Review
- Integrated protocol for concurrent generation of microglial and neuronal cells in human cerebral organoids.BMC methods · 2026Article
56 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 5 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The human brain is a complex, three-dimensional structure. To better recapitulate brain complexity, recent efforts have focused on the development of human-specific midbrain organoids. Human iPSC-derived midbrain organoids consist of differentiated and functional neurons, which contain active synapses, as well as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. However, the absence of microglia, with their ability to remodel neuronal networks and phagocytose apoptotic cells and debris, represents a major disadvantage for the current midbrain organoid systems. Additionally, neuroinflammation-related disease modeling is not possible in the absence of microglia. So far, no studies about the effects of human iPSC-derived microglia on midbrain organoid neural cells have been published. Here we describe an approach to derive microglia from human iPSCs and integrate them into iPSC-derived midbrain organoids. Using single nuclear RNA Sequencing, we provide a detailed characterization of microglia in midbrain organoids as well as the influence of their presence on the other cells of the organoids. Furthermore, we describe the effects that microglia have on cell death and oxidative stress-related gene expression. Finally, we show that microglia in midbrain organoids affect synaptic remodeling and increase neuronal excitability. Altogether, we show a more suitable system to further investigate brain development, as well as neurodegenerative diseases and neuroinflammation.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.