ReviewJournal of clinical virology plus2021
Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Review in Journal of clinical virology plus, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Association between influenza vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection and its outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis.Chinese medical journal · 2022Pooled it
- Epidemiological characteristics of paediatric COVID-19 and influenza co-infections in the United States, 2020-2024.Epidemiology and infection · 2026Article
- Clinical and genomic characterization of Influenza A co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza B: a respiratory surveillance study in Assam, India.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Pilot survey among patients taking bromhexine prophylactically against influenza.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2026Article
- Pediatric respiratory co-infection and immunologic response: peds recon study protocol.Pediatric research · 2026Observational
- Reduction of virus isolation effectiveness from throat swab double positive to H1N1pdm09 and H3N2 influenza A virus strain with SARS-CoV-2 virus in cell cultures.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- COVID-19 Prophylactic Effect of Bromhexine Hydrochloride.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Article
- Comparative clinical and epidemiological characteristics of influenza and COVID-19 in hospitalized pediatric patients in Romania during and after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.Journal of medicine and life · 2026Observational
- Review
- Cardiovascular Complications of Seasonal Influenza in the Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Era: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Clinical Implications.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Frequency and Demographic Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Virus Infections in Khuzestan: A Retrospective Observational Study (2021-2023).Advances in virology · 2026Article
- A study to detect Influenza A and B subtypes and coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 among Severe Acute Respiratory Illness patients from Central India.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2026Article
- Assessing Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 Coinfection in Brazil: A Comprehensive Study of Patient Outcomes From 2020 to 2023.Journal of medical virology · 2025Observational
- Modelling behavioural changes and vaccination in the transmission of respiratory viruses with co-infection.Journal of mathematical biology · 2025Article
- Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of influenza A and B viruses circulating in Sri Lanka following the COVID-19 pandemic.Virus genes · 2025Article
- Prevalence of Viral and Bacterial Co-Infections in SARS-CoV-2-Positive Individuals in Cyprus 2020-2022.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Acute Respiratory and Influenza Viruses Circulating in Kazakhstan During 2018-2024.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Incidence of common respiratory pathogens among patients with severe acute respiratory infection during COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Pathogenesis of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection at the extremes of age: decipher the ominous tales of immune vulnerability.Advanced biotechnology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We conducted this meta-analysis to determine the proportion of co-infection with influenza viruses in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients and to investigate the severity of COVID-19 in these patients. We included studies with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by qRT-PCR and influenza virus infection (A and/or B) by nucleic acid tests. The proportion of co-infection was compared between children and adults, and between critically ill or deceased patients compared to overall patients. Fifty-four articles were included. The overall proportion of co-infection was 0.7%, 95%CI = [0.4 - 1.3]. Most influenza co-infections were due to the influenza A virus (74.4%). The proportion of co-infection with influenza viruses among children (3.2%, 95% CI = [0.9 - 10.9]) was significantly higher than that in adult patients (0.3%, 95% CI = [0.1 - 1.2]), p-value <0.01. The proportion of co-infection with influenza viruses among critically ill patients tended to be higher than that in overall patients (2.2%, 95% CI = [0.3 - 22.4] versus 0.6%, 95% CI = [0.3 - 1.2], respectively, p-value = 0.22). Screening for pathogens in co-infection, particularly influenza viruses in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, is necessary. This warrants close surveillance and investigation of the co-incidences and interactions of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses, which is facilitated by the expansion of syndromic diagnosis approaches through the use of multiplex PCR assays.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.