ArticleAlzheimer's research & therapy2022
Novel diagnostic tools for identifying cognitive impairment using olfactory-stimulated functional near-infrared spectroscopy: patient-level, single-group, diagnostic trial.
Article in Alzheimer's research & therapy, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease across diverse biological domains: an umbrella review and evidence map.Journal of advanced research · 2026Pooled it
- Diagnostic potential of near-infrared spectroscopy in mild cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disorders: Implications for resource-limited settings.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Pooled it
- Functional near-infrared spectroscopy for identifying mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- fNIRS neuroimaging in olfactory research: A systematic literature review.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- Quantification of identifying cognitive impairment using olfactory-stimulated functional near-infrared spectroscopy with machine learning: a post hoc analysis of a diagnostic trial and validation of an external additional trial.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2023Trial
- Functional near-infrared spectroscopy: Systematic mapping of abnormal brain function features in neurological disorders.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- High-frequency taVNS modulates olfaction-related brain activity in patients with subjective cognitive decline.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
- Correlation of prefrontal-based resting state functional connectivity with the degree of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study.Behavioral and brain functions : BBF · 2025Article
- ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy of Saliva and Machine Learning as a Screening Test for Sjögren Disease.Analytical chemistry · 2025Article
- Altered Prefrontal Dynamic Functional Connectivity in Vascular Dementia During Olfactory Stimulation: An fNIRS Study.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Diagnostic Efficacy of Olfactory Function Test Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy with Machine Learning in Healthy Adults: A Prospective Diagnostic-Accuracy (Feasibility/Validation) Study in Healthy Adults with Algorithm Development.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Unpleasant odors compared to pleasant ones cause higher cortical activations detectable by fNIRS and observable mostly in females.APL bioengineering · 2025Article
- Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in neurodegenerative disease: a review.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Review
- Cortical activation in elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease dementia during working memory tasks: a multichannel fNIRS study.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionBasic studies suggest that olfactory dysfunction and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) can be used as tools for the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI); however, real-world evidence is lacking. We investigated the potential diagnostic efficacy of olfactory-stimulated fNIRS for early detection of MCI and/or Alzheimer disease (AD).
methodsWe conducted a patient-level, single-group, diagnostic interventional trial involving elderly volunteers (age >60 years) suspected of declining cognitive function. Patients received open-label olfactory-stimulated fNIRS for measurement of oxygenation difference in the orbitofrontal cortex. All participants underwent amyloid PET, MRI, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery (SNSB).
resultsOf 97 subjects, 28 (28.9%) were cognitively normal, 32 (33.0%) had preclinical AD, 21 (21.6%) had MCI, and 16 (16.5%) had AD. Olfactory-stimulated oxygenation differences in the orbitofrontal cortex were associated with cognitive impairment; the association was more pronounced with cognitive severity. Olfactory-stimulated oxygenation difference was associated with MMSE (adjusted β [aβ] 1.001; 95% CI 0.540-1.463), SNSB language and related function (aβ, 1.218; 95% CI, 0.020-2.417), SNSB memory (aβ, 1.963; 95% CI, 0.841-3.084), SNSB frontal/executive function (aβ, 1.715; 95% CI, 0.401-3.029) scores, standard uptake value ratio from amyloid PET (aβ, -10.083; 95% CI, -19.063 to -1.103), and hippocampal volume from MRI (aβ, 0.002; 95% CI, 0.001-0.004). Olfactory-stimulated oxygenation difference in the orbitofrontal cortex was superior in diagnosing MCI and AD (AUC, 0.909; 95% CI, 0.848-0.971), compared to amyloid PET (AUC, 0.793; 95% CI, 0.694-0.893) or MRI (AUC, 0.758; 95% CI, 0.644-0.871). DISCUSSION: Our trial showed that olfactory-stimulated oxygenation differences in the orbitofrontal cortex detected by fNIRS were associated with cognitive impairment and cognitive-related objectives. This novel approach may be a potential diagnostic tool for patients with MCI and/or AD.
trial registrationCRIS number, KCT0006197 .
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.