Observational studyInternational journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases2022
Bacterial co-infection at hospital admission in patients with COVID-19.
Observational study in International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Procalcitonin to reduce exposure to antibiotics and individualise treatment in hospitalised old patients with pneumonia: a randomised study.BMC geriatrics · 2022Trial
- Antibiotic Use, Bacterial Co-Infection, and Antimicrobial Resistance in Adults Hospitalized with COVID-19, Influenza, or RSV: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Outcome of Emergency Pulmonary Lobectomy under ECMO Support in Patients with COVID-19.The Thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2-International journal of microbiology · 2026Review
- Antibiotic Prescribing in Patients Presenting with COVID-19: A Closed-Loop Audit with a Targeted Educational Intervention in a South Australian Hospital.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Review
- Targeting USP22 to promote K63-linked ubiquitination and degradation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Identifying risk factors for bacterial infections and drivers of antibiotic use in patients without bacterial infections during the COVID-19 pandemic in a low-middle-income country.Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2025Article
- Blood Inflammatory Markers and Cytokines in COVID-19 Patients With Bacterial Coinfections.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2024Article
- Cyclic-di-GMP induces inflammation and acute lung injury through direct binding to MD2.Clinical and translational medicine · 2024Article
- Timing and prediction of secondary bacteremia in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study.Journal of general and family medicine · 2024Article
- Co-Infection of SARS-CoV-2 andDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Diabetes Mellitus and Pneumococcal Pneumonia.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Development and validation of machine learning-based models for predicting healthcare-associated bacterial/fungal infections among COVID-19 inpatients: a retrospective cohort study.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2024Article
- Functional decline at 1 year in hospitalized elderly pneumonia with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: Comparison with the ancestral strain and Alpha variant.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Article
- Article
- The Impact of Early Antibiotic Use on Clinical Outcomes of Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis.Infection and drug resistance · 2024Article
- Are C-reactive protein and procalcitonin safe and useful for antimicrobial stewardship purposes in patients with COVID-19? A scoping review.Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
25 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesWe described the current incidence and risk factors of bacterial co-infection in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.
methodsObservational cohort study was performed at the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona (February 2020-February 2021). All patients with COVID-19 who were admitted for >48 hours with microbiological sample collection and procalcitonin (PCT) determination within the first 48 hours were included.
resultsA total of 1125 consecutive adults met inclusion criteria. Co-infections were microbiologically documented in 102 (9.1%) patients. Most frequent microorganisms were Streptococcus pneumoniae (79%), Staphylococcus aureus (6.8%), and Haemophilus influenzae (6.8%). Test positivity was 1% (8/803) for blood cultures, 10.1% (79/780) for pneumococcal urinary antigen test, and 11.4% (15/132) for sputum culture. Patients with PCT higher than 0.2, 0.5, 1, and 2 ng/mL had significantly more co-infections than those with lower levels (p=0.017, p=0.031, p<0.001, and p<0.001, respectively). In multivariate analysis, oxygen saturation ≤94% (OR 2.47, CI 1.57-3.86), ferritin levels <338 ng/mL (OR 2.63, CI 1.69-4.07), and PCT higher than 0.2 ng/mL (OR 1.74, CI 1.11-2.72) were independent risk factors for co-infection at hospital admission owing to COVID-19.
conclusionsBacterial co-infection in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 is relatively common. However, clinicians could spare antibiotics in patients with PCT values <0.2, especially with high ferritin values and oxygen saturation >94%.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.