ArticleBJPsych open2022
The prevalence, incidence, prognosis and risk factors for symptoms of depression and anxiety in a UK cohort during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Article in BJPsych open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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13 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Work ability trends 2000-2020 and birth-cohort projections until 2040 in Finland.Scandinavian journal of public health · 2025Article
- Unexpected effects of pandemic-related changes on mental health: Evidence from a nationwide survey in South Korea.PloS one · 2025Article
- Exploring user characteristics, motives, and expectations and the therapeutic alliance in the mental health conversational AI Clare®: a baseline study.Frontiers in digital health · 2025Article
- The long-term effects of consecutive COVID-19 waves on mental health.BJPsych open · 2023Article
- Suicidal ideation among young adults in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from a population-based cross-sectional study.Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada : research, policy and practice · 2023Article
- Incidence and persistence of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic among individuals with and without disability.Journal of psychosomatic research · 2023Article
- The CLoCk study: A retrospective exploration of loneliness in children and young people during the COVID-19 pandemic, in England.PloS one · 2023Article
- COVID-19 Pandemic and Food Insecurity Fuel the Mental Health Crisis in Africa.International journal of public health · 2023Article
- Association between COVID-19 testing uptake and mental disorders among adults in US post-secondary education, 2020-2021.BJPsych open · 2022Article
- Stronger association of perceived health with socio-economic inequality during COVID-19 pandemic than pre-pandemic era.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Applicability and Psychometric Comparison of the General-Population Viral Anxiety Rating Scales among Healthcare Workers in the COVID-19 Pandemic.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- "Effect of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic outbreak on the emergency department admission for an acute psychiatric condition".Journal of psychiatric research · 2022Article
- The effect of mobile phone addiction on perceived stress and mediating role of ruminations: Evidence from Chinese and Czech university students.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has had profound consequences for population mental health. However, it is less clear for whom these effects are sustained.
aimsTo investigate the prevalence, incidence, prognosis and risk factors for symptoms of depression and anxiety in a UK cohort over three distinct periods in the pandemic in 2020.
methodAn online survey was completed by a UK community cohort at three points (n = 3097 at baseline, n = 878 completed all surveys): April (baseline), July to September (time point 2) and November to December (time point 3). Participants completed validated measures of depression and anxiety on each occasion, and we prospectively explored the role of sociodemographic and psychological factors (loneliness, positive mood and perceived risk of and worry about COVID-19) as risk factors.
resultsDepression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 means: baseline, 7.69; time point 2, 5.53; time point 3, 6.06) and anxiety scores (Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 means: baseline, 6.59; time point 2, 4.60; time point 3, 4.98) were considerably greater than pre-pandemic population norms at all time points. Women reported greater depression and anxiety symptoms than men. Younger age, history of mental health disorder, more COVID-19-related negative life events, greater loneliness and lower positive mood at baseline were all significant predictors of poorer mental health at time point 3.
conclusionsThe negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health has persisted to some degree. Younger people and individuals with prior mental health disorders are at greatest risk. Easing of restrictions and resumption of social interaction could mitigate the risk factors of loneliness and positive mood.
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