Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35252901›Full record

ArticleThe Lancet. Microbe2021

Mortality from drug-resistant tuberculosis in high-burden countries comparing routine drug susceptibility testing with whole-genome sequencing: a multicentre cohort study.

Kathrin Zürcher, Martina L Reichmuth, Marie Ballif, Chloé Loiseau, Sonia Borrell, Miriam Reinhard, Veronika Skrivankova, Rico Hömke, Peter Sander, Anchalee Avihingsanon and 12 more

Open access · goldAbstract readMulticenter Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The Lancet. Microbe, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
26citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
2.3field-weighted citation impact, top 10% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

26 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Molecular detection of rifampicin-resistantFrontiers in medicine · 2024
    Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Pooled it
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026
    Article
  8. Genomic characterization of drug-resistantFrontiers in tuberculosis · 2026
    Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Public health action · 2024
    Article
  12. Article
  13. Cost-effectiveness of TB diagnostic technologies in Ethiopia: a modelling study.Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E · 2024
    Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

22 authors at 12 institutions in 9 countries.

Kathrin ZürcherInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).
Martina L ReichmuthInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).
Marie BallifInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).
Chloé LoiseauInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).
Sonia BorrellInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).
Miriam ReinhardInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).
Veronika SkrivankovaInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).
Rico HömkeInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).
Peter SanderInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).
Anchalee AvihingsanonInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).
Alash'le G AbimikuInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).
Olivier MarcyInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).
Jimena CollantesInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).
E Jane CarterInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).
Robert J WilkinsonInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).
Helen CoxInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).
Marcel YotebiengInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).
Robin HuebnerInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).
Lukas FennerInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).
Erik C BöttgerInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).
Sebastien GagneuxInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).
Matthias EggerInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).
MSD (Switzerland) · CHSwiss Tropical and Public Health Institute · CHUniversity of Bern · CHInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine · CHSwiss National Bank · CHCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Yopougon · CIHIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration · THInstitute of Human Virology · NGMoi University · KENational Institutes of Health · USUniversity of Cape Town · ZAUniversity of Zurich · CH

Funding

North American AIDS Cohorts on Collaboration and Design (NAACCORD)U01AI069918 · NIAID · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI Keri Nicole Althoff, RICHARD Douglas MOORE · 2006 to 2026
$65.2M
East Africa International Epidemiology Database to evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) Regional ConsortiumU01AI069911 · NIAID · INDIANA UNIV-PURDUE UNIV AT INDIANAPOLIS · PI AGGREY SEMWENDERO SEMEERE, Kara Kay Wools-Kaloustian · 2006 to 2026
$57.7M
Observational Antiretroviral Studies In Southern Africa (OASIS) CollaborationU01AI069924 · NIAID · UNIVERSITAT BERN · PI Cleophas Chimbetete, Mary-Ann Davies · 2006 to 2026
$55.9M
The Asia-Pacific HIV Research CollaborationU01AI069907 · NIAID · FOUNDATION FOR AIDS RESEARCH · PI ANNETTE H SOHN · 2006 to 2026
$44.8M
CCASAnet: Caribbean, Central and South America NetworkU01AI069923 · NIAID · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI Pedro Enrique Cahn, Jessica L Castilho · 2006 to 2026
$41.6M
"Enhancing Cancer Research in Central Africa IeDEA"U01AI096299 · NIAID · ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, INC · PI Denis Nash, Marcel Yotebieng · 2011 to 2026
$35.8M
WADA (West Africa Database on Antiretroviral Therapy) CollaborationU01AI069919 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF BORDEAUX II · PI Didier Koumavi Ekouevi, Antoine Jaquet · 2006 to 2026
$29.9M
Neuro HPA Project 1U54AG062334 · NIA · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI Cecile Delille Lahiri, Vasiliki Michopoulos · 2018 to 2026
$12.2M
Cancer Research UK FC0010218NIAID NIH HHS U01 AI069907NIAID NIH HHS U01 AI069911NIAID NIH HHS U01 AI069918NIAID NIH HHS U01 AI069919NIAID NIH HHS U01 AI069923NIAID NIH HHS U01 AI069924NIAID NIH HHS U01 AI096299NIA NIH HHS U54 AG062334Wellcome TrustWellcome Trust 104803Wellcome Trust 203135
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundDrug resistance threatens global tuberculosis control. We aimed to examine mortality in patients with tuberculosis from high-burden countries, according to concordance or discordance of results from drug susceptibility testing done locally and whole-genome sequencing (WGS).

methodsIn this multicentre cohort study, we collected pulmonary

findingsBetween Sept 1, 2014, and July 4, 2016, of 634 patients included in our previous analysis, we included 582 patients with tuberculosis (median age 33 years [IQR 27-43], 225 [39%] women, and 247 [42%] HIV-positive). Based on WGS, 339 (58%) isolates were pan-susceptible, 35 (6%) monoresistant, 146 (25%) multidrug-resistant, and 24 (4%) pre-extensively drug-resistant (pre-XDR) or XDR. The analysis of mortality was based on 530 patients; 63 (12%) died and 77 (15%) patients received inappropriate treatment. Mortality ranged from 6% (18 of 310) in patients with pan-susceptible tuberculosis to 39% (nine of 23) in patients with pre-XDR or XDR tuberculosis. The adjusted odds ratio for mortality was 4·92 (95% CI 2·47-9·78) among undertreated patients, compared with appropriately treated patients.

interpretationIn seven countries with a high burden of tuberculosis, we observed discrepancies between drug resistance patterns obtained locally and WGS. The underdiagnosis of drug resistance resulted in inappropriate treatment and higher mortality. WGS can provide accurate and detailed drug resistance information required to improve the outcomes of drug-resistant tuberculosis in high-burden settings. Our results support WHO's call for point-of-care tests based on WGS.

fundingNational Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Swiss National Science Foundation, and Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria.

Indexed as

HIV InfectionsMycobacterium tuberculosisTuberculosisTuberculosis, Multidrug-ResistantTuberculosis, PulmonaryAdultAntitubercular AgentsCohort StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMicrobial Sensitivity TestsAntitubercular Agents

Identifiers

PMID35252901
PMCPMC8896764
OpenAlexW3158908945

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