ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2022
The Effect of Breastfeeding on Intelligence Quotient and Social Intelligence Among Seven- to Nine-Year-Old Girls: A Pilot Study.
Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- New Insights into Human Milk Oligosaccharide Profiles in China: Findings from a Large-Scale Analysis of Human Milk.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Psychosocial and context factors associated with breastfeeding and complementary feeding changes in Belize: a mixed methods approach.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Exclusive breastfeeding among Indonesian working mothers: does early initiation of breastfeeding matter?BMC public health · 2024Article
- Breastfeeding Practices for COVID-19-Infected Mothers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2024Review
- Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
backgroundBreastfeeding is an optimal infant feeding method that provides adequate nutrients, achieves healthy growth and development, and enhances the health status of both infants and mothers. Breast milk contains a variety of substances that might positively affect cognition and the development of children's psychomotor abilities.
objectiveThis study aimed to examine the variations in intelligence quotient (IQ), social intelligence (SI), and body mass index (BMI) among 7- to 9-year-old girls who were exclusively breastfed, exclusively bottle-fed, or mixed-fed during their first 6 months of life.
methodsThis study involved 111 healthy girls, aged 7 to 9 years, who were recruited from nine government and private schools in Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices were used to measure the participants' IQs, and the Vineland Social Maturity Assessment was used to measure their SI through individual interviews. Anthropometric measurements were obtained using standard methods.
resultsThe breastfed group showed a greater number of above-average IQ test scores (35 vs. 23%;
conclusionExclusively breastfed girls had higher IQ and SI results compared with bottle-fed girls. However, unlike the BMI differences, these results were not statistically significant. This study provides fundamental observational data and can be further modified for use on a larger national-scale level.
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