ArticleFrontiers in microbiology2022
A Multi-Purpose Approach to the Mechanisms of Action of Two Biocides (Benzalkonium Chloride and Dibromonitrilopropionamide): Discussion of
Article in Frontiers in microbiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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14 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maleic Acid-Grafted Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) Hydrogels Synthesized by Gamma Radiation for pH-Responsive Drug Delivery.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Flow cytometry for rapid analysis of bacteriostatic versus bactericidal effects in Legionella pneumophila disinfection.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Biocides as drivers of antibiotic resistance: A critical review of environmental implications and public health risks.Environmental science and ecotechnology · 2025Review
- Topical Ocular Drug Delivery: The Impact of Permeation Enhancers.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Biocide-resistant Pseudomonas oleovorans isolated from water-based coatings used in construction.Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology · 2024Article
- Influence of Dead Cells Killed by Industrial Biocides (BAC and DBNPA) on Biofilm Formation.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Disinfectants and antiseptics: mechanisms of action and resistance.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2024Review
- MALDI-TOF imaging analysis of benzalkonium chloride penetration in ex vivo human skin.PloS one · 2024Article
- Microparticles as BDMDAC (Quaternary Ammonium Compound) Carriers for Water Disinfection: A Layer-by-Layer Approach without Biocide Release.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Biocide Tolerance and Impact of Sanitizer Concentrations on the Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteria Originating from Cheese.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The Hormetic Effect Observed for Benzalkonium Chloride and Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride inMicroorganisms · 2023Article
- Biocides with Controlled Degradation for Environmentally Friendly and Cost-Effective Fecal Sludge Management.Biology · 2022Article
- Article
- A fluorescently labelled quaternary ammonium compound (NBD-DDA) to study resistance mechanisms in bacteria.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Biocides are widely used in water treatment for microbiological control. The rise of antimicrobial resistance and the need to assure properly managed water systems require a better understanding of the mechanisms of action of biocides and of their impact on cell's viability as a function of dosage concentrations. The present work addresses these two aspects regarding the biocides benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and dibromonitrilopropionamide (DBNPA)-two biocides commonly found in the water treatment industry. For that, the following parameters were studied: culturability, membrane integrity, metabolic activity, cellular energy, and the structure and morphology of cells. Also, to assess cell's death, a reliable positive control, consisting of cells killed by autoclave (dead cells), was introduced. The results confirmed that BAC is a lytic biocide and DBNPA a moderate electrophilic one. Furthermore, the comparison between cells exposed to the biocides' minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) and autoclaved cells revealed that other viability parameters should be taken into consideration as "death indicators." The present work also shows that only for the concentrations above the MBC the viability indicators reached values statistically similar to the ones observed for the autoclaved cells (considered to be definitively dead). Finally, the importance of considering the biocide mechanism of action in the definition of the viability parameter to use in the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) determination is discussed.
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