ReviewFrontiers in neurology2022
Infections in the Developing Brain: The Role of the Neuro-Immune Axis.
Review in Frontiers in neurology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Rethinking Neonatal Vaccination Policies: A Neuroimmune Perspective.Iranian journal of medical sciences · 2026Review
- Pathogenesis and Research Models of Acute Influenza-Associated Encephalitis/Encephalopathy: An Update.Viruses · 2026Review
- Hypothalamic neuroimmune remodeling as an immunometabolic bridge between childhood obesity and earlier pubertal onset.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Nanomaterials: an overview of current trends and future prospects in neurological disorder treatment.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- Neurological Sequelae After Paediatric Cryptococcal Meningitis.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- [Mother-to-Child Transmission of Chikungunya Virus and Its Impact on the Neonatal Nervous System].Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition · 2025Review
- MHC class I and II expression and induction in oligodendrocytes varies with age.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- ISMRM Clinical Focus Meeting 2023: "Imaging the Fire in the Brain".Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI · 2025Article
- Age-Stratified Treg Responses During Viral Infections of the Central Nervous System: A Literature Review.Journal of medical virology · 2025Review
- Spatially heterogeneous lipid dysregulation in tuberculous meningitis.Neurobiology of disease · 2024Article
- Developing brain under renewed attack: viral infection during pregnancy.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Review
- Complex Neuroimmune Involvement in Neurodevelopment: A Mini-Review.Journal of inflammation research · 2023Review
- Identifying Rare Genetic Variants of Immune Mediators as Risk Factors for Autism Spectrum Disorder.Genes · 2022Article
- Systemic immune responses after ischemic stroke: From the center to the periphery.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Pathogen effects on the brain: the case of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and neuro COVID.Frontiers in neurologyReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) infections occur more commonly in young children than in adults and pose unique challenges in the developing brain. This review builds on the distinct vulnerabilities in children's peripheral immune system (outlined in part 1 of this review series) and focuses on how the developing brain responds once a CNS infection occurs. Although the protective blood-brain barrier (BBB) matures early, pathogens enter the CNS and initiate a localized innate immune response with release of cytokines and chemokines to recruit peripheral immune cells that contribute to the inflammatory cascade. This immune response is initiated by the resident brain cells, microglia and astrocytes, which are not only integral to fighting the infection but also have important roles during normal brain development. Additionally, cytokines and other immune mediators such as matrix metalloproteinases from neurons, glia, and endothelial cells not only play a role in BBB permeability and peripheral cell recruitment, but also in brain maturation. Consequently, these immune modulators and the activation of microglia and astrocytes during infection adversely impact normal neurodevelopment. Perturbations to normal brain development manifest as neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive impairments common among children who survive CNS infections and are often permanent. In part 2 of the review series, we broadly summarize the unique challenges CNS infections create in a developing brain and explore the interaction of regulators of neurodevelopment and CNS immune response as part of the neuro-immune axis.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.