ArticleCurrent psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)2022
The factor structure and measurement invariance of the PHQ-4 and the prevalence of depression and anxiety in a Southeast Asian context amid the COVID-19 pandemic.
Article in Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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15 citing papers in PubMed, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cultural Competence and Loneliness: Unveiling Hidden Connections Among Saudi Nurses.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Quantifying the stability landscapes of psychological networks.Behavior research methods · 2026Article
- Psychometric evaluation of a four-item scale derived from the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 among community adults based on multivariate generalizability theory and item response theory.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Article
- Validation of the Japanese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4-J) to screen for depression and anxiety.Discover mental health · 2024Article
- Psychometric properties of the ultra-brief self-report Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) to assess anxiety and depression in Arabic-speaking adults.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Psychometric network analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in Paraguayan general population.Psicologia, reflexao e critica : revista semestral do Departamento de Psicologia da UFRGS · 2024Article
- Reliability and validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 scale and its subscales of depression and anxiety among US adults based on nativity.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Assessment and determinants of depression and anxiety on a global sample of sexual and gender diverse people at high risk of HIV: a public health approach.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Factor structure and measurement invariance of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 among the Chilean population.PloS one · 2024Article
- Mobile Phone Technology for Preventing HIV and Related Youth Health Problems, Sexual Health, Mental Health, and Substance Use Problems in Southwest Uganda (Youth Health SMS): Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2023Article
- The long-term effects of consecutive COVID-19 waves on mental health.BJPsych open · 2023Article
- Adaptation and validation of the chronic illness-related shame scale among patients with knee osteoarthritis in Singapore.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2023Article
- Factor structure of the patient health questionnaire-4 in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Use of the PHQ-4 Tool to Assess Anxiety and Depression in Adolescents and Adults During a Medical Brigade in Medically Underserved Santo Domingo, Ecuador.Journal of primary care & community healthArticle
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study examined the psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) as an ultra-brief screener of depression and anxiety in the Philippines during the COVID-19 outbreak. Data from 4,524 non-clinical community respondents aged 18-73 years old was collected online between March and July 2020. We evaluated the screener's factor structure, measurement invariance, and criterion-related validity using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), multigroup CFA, and structural equation modeling (SEM), respectively. We also evaluated the accuracy of the PHQ-4 cut-off scores by comparing the them with the screeners' full scales (i.e., PHQ-9 and GAD-7). Using the cutoff scores of the screeners, we also estimated the prevalence rates of depression and anxiety. The PHQ-4 has good internal reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.82). The CFA results show that the two-factor model has an excellent model fit that is superior to the one-factor model. The two-factor model held through increasingly constrained multigroup CFA models across gender, age, and geographical location groups, demonstrating measurement invariance. The SEM model supported the PHQ-4's theoretical association to stress, negative affect, and positive affect, supporting the screener's criterion-related validity. In estimating prevalence rates, among those screened by the PHQ-4 cut-off scores for depression (
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