ArticleBMJ open2022
Prevalence of cigarette and waterpipe tobacco smoking among adults in three Eastern Mediterranean countries: a cross-sectional household survey.
Article in BMJ open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global Prevalence of Combustible Cigarettes and Noncombustible Nicotine or Tobacco Products Use Among Adolescents, 2014-2021.Journal of Korean medical science · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of Pictorial Health Warning Labels on Intention to Quit Waterpipe in Lebanon: A Mediation Analysis.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Trial
- Comparisons between young adult waterpipe smokers and nonsmokers' reactions to pictorial health warning labels in Lebanon: a randomized crossover experimental study.Health education research · 2023Trial
- The effect of happiness-based education on women's success of water pipe smoking cessation and happiness: a quasi-experimental study.BMC psychology · 2023Trial
- Impact of pictorial health warning labels on smoking beliefs and perceptions among waterpipe smokers: an online randomised cross-over experimental study.Tobacco control · 2023Trial
- Article
- Article
- Plain Packaging: One of the Plain Simple Solutions for Nicotine Reduction in the Middle East.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Review
- Prevalence of PRISm and COPD and associated factors in a university medical centre spirometry unit: a cross-sectional analysis.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Cluster analysis of conformity and social desirability: Association with use and problematic use of licit substances.Addictive behaviors reports · 2026Article
- Perceived vs. actual cigarette and waterpipe dependence in Lebanon: a cross-sectional study of social desirability across demographic subgroups.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2026Article
- Cancer Patterns and Barriers to Care Among Socioeconomically Vulnerable Populations in Tripoli: A Descriptive Study from a Local NGO.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Prevalence, patterns, and sociodemographic determinants of cigarette and waterpipe smoking among Syrian adults: evidence from a large blood donor cohort.BMC public health · 2026Article
- The Moderating Effect of Physical Activity Between IQOS Smoking and Ventricular Repolarization Parameters in Lebanese University Students.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Smoking among adolescents in Jordan: Prevalence, associated factors, and its relation to mental health outcomes.PloS one · 2026Article
- Awareness of lung cancer screening among smokers: a Lebanese experience.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Waterpipe and Co-Use of Inhaled Nicotine and Tobacco Products: Findings from a Population-Based Cross-Sectional Household Survey in Germany.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Awareness of Thyroid Disorders in Jordan: A National Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Prevalence of physical activity and its association with atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk factors in young women in the middle east: a sub-analysis of the ANCHORS study.BMC public health · 2025Observational
- Utilisation of waterpipe tobacco imagery in cigarette advertising: a case study of American tobacco company and RJ Reynolds tobacco company.Tobacco control · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 7 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTobacco smoking is on the rise in the Eastern Mediterranean region. In light of limited surveillance of smoking in the region, this study sought to understand the prevalence of cigarette and waterpipe smoking among adults and the factors associated with smoking in Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine (West Bank only). DESIGN, SETTING AND
participantsHousehold surveys were conducted with participants over the age of 18 in Lebanon (n=1680), Jordan (n=1925) and Palestine (n=1679) between June and August 2019. A multistage cluster sampling approach with probability-proportional-to-size random selection method was followed in the three countries. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Gender-specific prevalence rates for cigarette and waterpipe smoking were estimated. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with current cigarette and waterpipe tobacco smoking.
resultsThe prevalence of cigarette smoking among males and females respectively was 48.6% and 21.5% in Lebanon, 50.4% and 9.1% in Jordan, and 53.4% and 3.1% in Palestine. The prevalence of waterpipe smoking among males and females respectively was 32.7% and 46.2% in Lebanon, 13.4% and 7.8% in Jordan, and 18.0% and 7.9% in Palestine. Cigarette smokers were significantly (p<0.05) more likely to be male, younger and with lower educational attainment across the three countries. Waterpipe smokers were more likely to be young adults across the three countries (p<0.001). They were more likely to be male in Jordan and Palestine, and more likely to be female in Lebanon.
conclusionsThe high prevalence rates of smoking in Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine are concerning. Continued surveillance is key to monitor smoking patterns and inform stronger tobacco control measures.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.