ReviewBiology of sex differences2022
Immune mechanisms associated with sex-based differences in severe COVID-19 clinical outcomes.
Review in Biology of sex differences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Does Physical Exercise Enhance the Immune Response after Vaccination? A Systematic Review for Clinical Indications of COVID-19 Vaccine.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- The CCR2 inflammatory pathway is a target for improving severe disease and pulmonary inflammation in experimental COVID-19.Virulence · 2026Article
- Mediating role of telomere shortening in dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls associated cognitive decline in children.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2026Article
- Sex-related differences in lung injury distribution and outcomes in COVID-19 acute respiratory failure: insights from the CT-COVID19 multicenter study group.Intensive care medicine experimental · 2026Article
- Sex differences in vaccine-induced immunity in mice immunized with integrase-defective lentiviral vector delivering the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Roles of sex and SP-A genetic variants in modulating multiorgan injuries post viral infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Combining antigenic data from public sources gives an early indication of the immune escape of emerging virus variants.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Immune Durability and Breakthrough Infections 15 Months After SARS-CoV-2 Boosters in People over 65: The IMMERSION Study.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Effect of Pituitary-Target Gland Axis on RAAS in the Context of COVID-19.International journal of medical sciences · 2025Review
- Sex-based immunological differences in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: potential role of TFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Association between red blood cell distribution width-to-albumin ratio and all-cause mortality in intracerebral hemorrhage.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
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- Article
- Sex differences in pneumonia risk during COVID-19 in Mexico.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Multivariate analyses and machine learning link sex and age with antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 and vaccination.iScience · 2024Article
- Article
- Sex-specific differences in systemic immune responses in MIS-C children.Scientific reports · 2024Observational
- Sick leave one year after COVID-19 infection: a nationwide cohort study during the first wave in Sweden.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- New insights into the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Longitudinal assessment of demographic representativeness in the Medical Imaging and Data Resource Center open data commons.Journal of medical imaging (Bellingham, Wash.) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough biological males and females are equally likely to become infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), evidence has mounted that males experience higher severity and fatality compared to females. MAIN: The objective of this review is to examine the existing literature on biological mechanisms underlying sex-based differences that could contribute to SARS-CoV-2 infection clinical outcomes. Sex-based differences in immunologic response and hormonal expression help explain the differences in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes observed in biological males and females. X inactivation facilitates a robust immune response to COVID-19 in females, who demonstrate a more profound antibody response and faster recovery when compared to males. Low testosterone levels also help explain the dysregulated inflammatory response and poor outcomes observed in some males with COVID-19. Gender differences in health expression and behaviors further compound these observed differences.
conclusionUnderstanding the biology of sex-based differences in COVID-19 severity and mortality could help inform preventative measures, treatment decisions, and development of personalized, sex-specific therapies.
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Registered trials
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