ArticleInternational journal of epidemiology2022
Opium use and risk of bladder cancer: a multi-centre case-referent study in Iran.
Article in International journal of epidemiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The significant impact of opium use on various types of cancer: an updated - systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cancer · 2025Pooled it
- The carcinogenicity of opium consumption: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of epidemiology · 2023Pooled it
- Giant Bladder Calculus Presenting as A Rare Cause of Renal Impairment in A Young Adult with Substance Use Disorder.European journal of case reports in internal medicine · 2026Article
- Interaction between opium use and cigarette smoking on bladder cancer: An inverse probability weighting approach based on a multicenter case-control study in Iran.Global epidemiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Drug-use disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a glance at GBD 2019 findings.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2024Article
- The Mutographs biorepository: A unique genomic resource to study cancer around the world.Cell genomics · 2024Review
- Evaluation of the Effects of Opium on the Expression ofBladder cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2024Article
- TERT Promoter Mutations as Simple and Non-Invasive Urinary Biomarkers for the Detection of Urothelial Bladder Cancer in a High-Risk Region.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
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35 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBladder cancer (BC) is the 10th most common type of cancer worldwide and the fourth most common type of cancer in Iran. Opium use is considered as one of the risk factors for BC. We aim to assess the association between various parameters of opium use, which in Iran is mainly ingested or smoked in various forms, and the risk of BC.
methodIn this multi-centre case-referent study in Iran, 717 BC cases and 3477 referents were recruited to the study from May 2017 until July 2020. Detailed histories of opium use (duration, amount, frequency) and potential confounders were collected by trained interviewers. Multivariable unconditional logistic regression models were used to measure adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The ORs were adjusted for age, gender, place of residence and pack-years of cigarette smoking.
resultsRegular opium consumption was associated with an increased risk of BC (OR 3.5, 95% CI: 2.8, 4.3) compared with subjects who never used opium. Compared with continuous users, the risk decreased to one-third for those who stopped opium more than 10 years ago. The adjusted OR for those who used both crude opium (teriak) and opium juice was 7.4 (95% CI: 4.1, 13.3). There was a joint effect of opium and tobacco (OR for users of both opium and tobacco 7.7, 95% CI: 6.0, 9.7).
conclusionsRegular opium use is associated with an approximately 4-fold risk for BC. The OR decreases along with the increasing time since stopping opium use.
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