ArticleThe Lancet regional health. Western Pacific2022
Equity of health financing in Indonesia: A 5-year financing incidence analysis (2015-2019).
Article in The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Equity in health financing in China: a national financing and benefit incidence analysis, 2013-2023.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2026Article
- Mediating Role of Health Insurance on Socioeconomic Inequalities in Dental Utilisation Patterns Among Indonesian Adults.Community dentistry and oral epidemiology · 2025Article
- Can Indonesia achieve universal health coverage? Organisational and financing challenges in implementing the national health insurance system.SSM - health systems · 2025Article
- Teledermatology to Improve Access to and Quality of Skin Care in Eastern Indonesia.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2024Article
- Incidence of catastrophic health spending in Indonesia: insights from a Household Panel Study 2018-2019.International journal for equity in health · 2023Article
- The inclusion of diagnostics in national health insurance schemes in Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines and Viet Nam.BMJ global health · 2023Article
- National health insurance contribution to family planning program funding in Indonesia: A fund flow analysis.Gates open research · 2023Article
- Equity in Out-of-Pocket Payments for Healthcare Services: Evidence from Malaysia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn 2014, Indonesia launched a single payer national health insurance scheme with the aim of covering the entire population by 2024. The objective of this paper is to assess the equity with which contributions to the health financing system were distributed in Indonesia over 2015 - 2019.
methodsThis study is a secondary analysis of nationally representative data from the National Socioeconomic Survey of Indonesia (2015 - 2019). The relative progressivity of each health financing source and overall health financing was determined using a summary score, the Kakwani index.
findingsAround a third of health financing was sourced from out-of-pocket (OOP) payments each year, with direct taxes, indirect taxes and social health insurance (SHI) each taking up 15 - 20%. Direct taxes and OOP payments were progressive sources of health financing, and indirect tax payments regressive, for all of 2015 - 2019. SHI contributions were regressive except in 2017 and 2018. The overall health financing system was progressive from 2015 to 2018, but this declined year by year and became mildly regressive in 2019.
interpretationThe declining progressivity of the overall health financing system between 2015 - 2019 suggests that Indonesia still has a way to go in developing a fair and equitable health financing system that ensures the poor are financially protected.
fundingThis study is supported through the Health Systems Research Initiative in the UK, and is jointly funded by the Department of International Development, the Economic and Social Research Council, the Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust.
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