ArticleChinese medicine2022
An integrated study of Violae Herba (Viola philippica) and five adulterants by morphology, chemical compositions and chloroplast genomes: insights into its certified plant origin.
Article in Chinese medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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9 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assembly and comparative analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of Viola philippica (Malpighiales, Violaceae).Planta · 2026Article
- Advancing plant DNA barcoding: integrating chloroplast genome sequencing, cryptic diversity discovery and machine learning.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- A Comprehensive Review of the Phytochemistry and Therapeutic Efficacy ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Comparative and phylogenetic analysis of the complete chloroplast genome sequences of Melanoseris cyanea group.Scientific reports · 2025Article
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- Complete chloroplast genomes of the hemiparasitic genusEcology and evolution · 2024Article
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- Next-generation sequencing and targeted quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for detection ofAnnals of translational medicine · 2022Article
- Complete chloroplast genomes of 11Frontiers in plant science · 2022Article
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9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
backgroundViola philippica Cav. is the only original plant for Violae Herba, as described in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The quality of this crude drug is affected by several adulterants from congeneric Viola species, and the authentic plant origin of Violae Herba is still controversial. Genome-based identification offers abundant genetic information and potential molecular markers that can be used for the authentication of closely related species. This study aims to investigate the certified origin of Violae Herba and to develop more effective markers for these easily confused species at the genetic level.
methodsWe compared the morphology and chemical composition of 18 batches of commercial samples and six widespread medicinal Viola plants used as Violae Herba or its substitutes by TLC and HPLC-Triple-TOF-MS/MS analyses. The complete chloroplast genomes of these species were sequenced and analyzed, including the general features, repeat sequences, mutational hotspots and phylogeny. The complete chloroplast genomes used as superbarcodes and some specific barcodes screened from mutational hotspots were tested for their ability to distinguish Viola species.
resultsA comparative study showed that Violae Herba is a multi-origin traditional Chinese medicine. Commercial decoction pieces and the standard reference drug were mainly derived from V. prionantha, clashing with the record in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Chloroplast genome analyses of V. philippica and five adulterants indicated that sequence divergence was relatively low within Viola species. By tree-based approaches, the complete chloroplast genomes showed a better discrimination ability and phylogenetic resolution for each Viola species. These results indicate that the whole chloroplast genomes can be used as superbarcodes to differentiate Viola medicinal plants. More specific DNA barcodes could be further developed from the Viola chloroplast genomes for more efficient and rapid identification of commercial Violae Herba and its adulterants.
conclusionsThis study has implications for chloroplast genome-based phylogenetic analysis and the authentication of multiple Viola species used as Violae Herba. The legal origin recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia should be further revised to V. prionantha, in line with the commercial Violae Herba in the TCM markets.
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