ArticleInternational journal for equity in health2022
A global cautionary tale: discrimination and violence against trans women worsen despite investments in public resources and improvements in health insurance access and utilization of health care.
Article in International journal for equity in health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- HIV and Syphilis Seroprevalence and Correlates of HIV-Syphilis Co-infection Among Black and Latina Women of Transgender Experience and Transfeminine People in Los Angeles County, 2023-2024.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- A Decade of Improvement and Signs of Decline in PrEP Awareness and Use in Young Trans Women.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Understanding Intimate Health in Online Spaces Among Women in Aotearoa New Zealand: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Depressive symptoms, violence, and discrimination among transgender women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study.Revista peruana de medicina experimental y salud publica · 2025Article
- Characterizing the Prevalence and Perpetrators of Documented Fatal Violence Against Black Transgender Women in the United States (2013-2021).Violence against women · 2025Article
- Low Risk Perception of Harm From Substance Use and Sexual Behaviors Among Online Help-Seeking Sexual and Gender Minoritized People in San Francisco, California: Cross-Sectional Survey.JMIR formative research · 2025Article
- Article
- Gender-affirming hormone therapy, quality of life, and the role of oestradiol and testosterone in transgender individuals.Acta neuropsychiatrica · 2025Article
- Increased vulnerability to psychological distress and suicidal ideation among transgender women with self-reported disabilities in San Francisco, California.Preventive medicine reports · 2025Article
- Equality in Physical Activity and Exercise Opportunities for the Transgender Community.American journal of lifestyle medicine · 2025Article
- The structural violence of cisgender norms: A participatory qualitative study of access to health and social welfare for older transgender women in Indonesia.International journal of transgender health · 2025Article
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- Operationalizing the Women-Centred HIV Care Model for trans women and persons with transfeminine experience living with and affected by HIV: A qualitative study.International journal of transgender health · 2025Article
- Size estimation and vulnerability assessment of transgender people in Manipur, North-east India: A cross-sectional study.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2024Article
- 'Taking it one day at a time' and 'Reaching back out to help someone': How transgender women living with HIV and community stakeholders navigate violence, oppression, and health through coping and advocacy.BMC public health · 2024Article
- "To smoke feels gender": Exploring the transformative and emancipatory capacities of cannabis among transgender, non-binary and gender non-conforming (TGNC) youth.The International journal on drug policy · 2024Article
- Detectable viral load associated with unmet mental health and substance use needs among trans women living with HIV in San Francisco, California.BMC women's health · 2024Article
- Experiences of violence and discrimination among LGBTQ+ individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic: a global cross-sectional analysis.BMJ global health · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTo determine if improvements in social determinants of health for trans women and decreases in transphobic discrimination and violence occurred over three study periods during which extensive local programs were implemented to specifically address longstanding inequities suffered by the transgender community.
methodsInterviewer-administered surveys from repeated cross-sectional Transwomen Empowered to Advance Community Health (TEACH) studies in 2010, 2013 and 2016-2017 in San Francisco collected experiences with transphobia violence and discrimination. Respondent-driven sampling was used to obtain a sample of participants who identified as a trans woman.
resultsViolence due to gender identity was prevalent; in each study period, verbal abuse or harassment was reported by over 83% of participants, and physical abuse or harassment was reported by over 56%. Adverse social determinants of health including homelessness, living below the poverty limit, methamphetamine use, depression, PTSD, and anxiety all significantly increased from 2010 to 2016. When testing for trends, housing discrimination and physical violence were both more likely in 2016-2017 compared to the two earlier study periods. Housing discrimination (aOR 1.41, 95% CI 1.00-1.98) and physical violence due to gender identity/presentation (aOR 1.39, 95% CI 1.00-1.92) both significantly increased from 2010 to 2016.
conclusionOur findings are particularly alarming during a period when significant public health resources and community-based initiatives specifically for trans women were implemented and could have reasonably led us to expect improvements. Despite these efforts, physical violence and housing discrimination among trans women worsened during the study periods. To ensure future improvements, research and interventions need to shift the focus and burden from trans people to cisgender people who are the perpetuators of anti-trans sentiment, stigma, discrimination and victimization.
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