ArticleMMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report2022
Disparities in COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage Between Urban and Rural Counties - United States, December 14, 2020-January 31, 2022.
Article in MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 116 papers.
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Who cites it
116 citing papers in PubMed, 166 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hesitancy and confidence in pediatric COVID-19 vaccination among diverse caregivers of unvaccinated children.Vaccine · 2025Trial
- Neonatal intensive care unit admission among infants born full-term to CDC's COVID-19 Vaccine Pregnancy Registry participants: A matched cohort study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Factors Associated With COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake in a Mixed Urban-Rural Population in Eastern Poland.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026Article
- Utilizing the CFIR to Evaluate Rural COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake: Extension Personnel Perspectives.Vaccines · 2026Article
- When Usability Isn't Enough: Understanding Rural Challenges in Respiratory Virus Test Interpretation.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Population-level behavioral and structural drivers of COVID-19 vaccine uptake in the US.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- COVID-19 mRNA vaccination and immune-related adverse events in patients with cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: a target trial emulation study.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Mobile Vaccine Uptake (MoVeUP): a randomized effectiveness trial for a vaccine communication app.Vaccine: X · 2026Article
- Ethical Issues in Rural Health Research: A Scoping Review.Journal of bioethical inquiry · 2026Article
- Bridging the gap: a review of the factors contributing to differences in vaccination coverage among rural and urban adults.Vaccine · 2026Review
- Population attributable fraction of nonvaccination and undervaccination of COVID-19 due to vaccine hesitancy, 2022.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Impact of socio-economic and political factors on global COVID-19 vaccine coverage: an empirical study.Tropical medicine and health · 2026Article
- First Covid-19 Vaccination Rates Among Pregnant Tennessee Women by Month of Conception and Urbanization Level: March 2021 - November 2021.Journal of Appalachian health · 2026Article
- Article
- Higher mortality following SARS-CoV-2 infection in rural versus urban dwellers persists for two years post-infection.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Variation in COVID-19 vaccination and adverse outcomes: a state of Georgia case study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Association Between Social Vulnerability and Infection-Induced SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Seroprevalence Among Children: United States, 2021-2022.Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) · 2025Article
- Parental attitudes, beliefs, and experiences related to pediatric COVID-19 vaccination.Vaccine · 2025Article
- Evaluating the impact of altitudinal variations on COVID-19 mortality rates: a comprehensive analysis.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2025Article
- Environmental Exposures and COVID-19 Experiences in the United States, 2020-2022.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
56 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Higher COVID-19 incidence and mortality rates in rural than in urban areas are well documented (1). These disparities persisted during the B.1.617.2 (Delta) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant surges during late 2021 and early 2022 (1,2). Rural populations tend to be older (aged ≥65 years) and uninsured and are more likely to have underlying medical conditions and live farther from facilities that provide tertiary medical care, placing them at higher risk for adverse COVID-19 outcomes (2). To better understand COVID-19 vaccination disparities between urban and rural populations, CDC analyzed county-level vaccine administration data among persons aged ≥5 years who received their first dose of either the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna) COVID-19 vaccine or a single dose of the Ad.26.COV2.S (Janssen [Johnson & Johnson]) COVID-19 vaccine during December 14, 2020-January 31, 2022, in 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC). COVID-19 vaccination coverage with ≥1 doses in rural areas (58.5%) was lower than that in urban counties (75.4%) overall, with similar patterns across age groups and sex. Coverage with ≥1 doses varied among states: 46 states had higher coverage in urban than in rural counties, one had higher coverage in rural than in urban counties. Three states and DC had no rural counties; thus, urban-rural differences could not be assessed. COVID-19 vaccine primary series completion was higher in urban than in rural counties. However, receipt of booster or additional doses among primary series recipients was similarly low between urban and rural counties. Compared with estimates from a previous study of vaccine coverage among adults aged ≥18 years during December 14, 2020-April 10, 2021, these urban-rural disparities among those now eligible for vaccination (aged ≥5 years) have increased more than twofold through January 2022, despite increased availability and access to COVID-19 vaccines. Addressing barriers to vaccination in rural areas is critical to achieving vaccine equity, reducing disparities, and decreasing COVID-19-related illness and death in the United States (2).
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