ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2021
Geographically Weighted Regression Modeling of Spatial Clustering and Determinants of Focal Typhoid Fever Incidence.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk Factors for Typhoid Fever: Systematic Review.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Pooled it
- Integrating environmental and clinical surveillance for typhoid: insights from a prospective wastewater surveillance study in urban India.The Lancet. Microbe · 2026Article
- Geospatial Analysis of Tooth Loss Among the US Geriatric Population by Zip Code: The Role of Socioeconomic and Racial Factors.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- The rpoS gene confers resistance to low osmolarity conditions in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi.PloS one · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTyphoid is known to be heterogenous in time and space, with documented spatiotemporal clustering and hotspots associated with environmental factors. This analysis evaluated spatial clustering of typhoid and modeled incidence rates of typhoid from active surveillance at 4 sites with child cohorts in India.
methodsAmong approximately 24 000 children aged 0.5-15 years followed for 2 years, typhoid was confirmed by blood culture in all children with fever >3 days. Local hotspots for incident typhoid cases were assessed using SaTScan spatial cluster detection. Incidence of typhoid was modeled with sociodemographic and water, sanitation, and hygiene-related factors in smaller grids using nonspatial and spatial regression analyses.
resultsHotspot households for typhoid were identified at Vellore and Kolkata. There were 4 significant SaTScan clusters (P < .05) for typhoid in Vellore. Mean incidence of typhoid was 0.004 per child-year with the highest incidence (0.526 per child-year) in Kolkata. Unsafe water and poor sanitation were positively associated with typhoid in Kolkata and Delhi, whereas drinking untreated water was significantly associated in Vellore (P = .0342) and Delhi (P = .0188).
conclusionsDespite decades of efforts to improve water and sanitation by the Indian government, environmental factors continue to influence the incidence of typhoid. Hence, administration of the conjugate vaccine may be essential even as efforts to improve water and sanitation continue.
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