ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2021
Case-Control Study of Household and Environmental Transmission of Typhoid Fever in India.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Risk Factors for Typhoid Fever: Systematic Review.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Pooled it
- Associations of water, sanitation, and hygiene with typhoid fever in case-control studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Pooled it
- The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever from 1990 to 2021 and the impact on prevention and control.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Determining genotype and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella Typhi in environmental samples by amplicon sequencing.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Assessing Salmonella Typhi Pathogenicity and Prevention: The Crucial Role of Vaccination in Combating Typhoid Fever.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Wastewater surveillance for Salmonella Typhi and its association with seroincidence of enteric fever in Vellore, India.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Household and Environmental Typhoid Fever Transmission in Bandar Lampung City, Indonesia: A Case-Control Study.JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association · 2024Article
- Passive sampling to scale wastewater surveillance of infectious disease: Lessons learned from COVID-19.The Science of the total environment · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundTyphoid fever causes substantial morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries. We conducted a case-control study in Vellore, southern India, to understand risk factors for transmission of typhoid.
methodsFrom April 2018 to October 2019, households of blood culture-confirmed typhoid cases that occurred within a fever surveillance cohort aged 6 months-15 years, and controls matched for age, sex, geographic location, and socioeconomic status, were recruited. Information on risk factors was obtained using standard questionnaires. Household and environmental samples were collected for detection of Salmonella Typhi using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Multivariable analysis was used to evaluate associations between risk factors and typhoid.
resultsOne hundred pairs of cases and controls were recruited. On multivariable regression analysis, mothers eating food from street vendors during the previous week (odds ratio [OR] = 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-4.12; P = .04) was independently associated with typhoid, whereas treatment of household drinking water (OR = 0.45; 95% CI, 0.25-0.80; P = .007) was protective. There was no significant difference in S Typhi detection between the environmental samples from case and control households.
conclusionsStreet-vended food is a risk factor for typhoid in densely populated urban communities of Vellore. Improved sanitation facilities and awareness about point-of-use water treatment are likely to contribute to typhoid control.
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