ArticleFrontiers in psychiatry2022
Autoimmune Encephalitis With Psychotic Manifestations and Cognitive Impairment Presenting as Schizophrenia: Case Report and Literature Review.
Article in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical and neuroradiological findings in patients with Anti-AMPAR encephalitis: associations with outcomes.BMC neurology · 2026Review
- Neuroinflammation and Mental Health in Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Encephalitis: Bridging Biological Mechanisms and Psychosocial Factors.Archives of internal medicine research · 2026Article
- Steroid-responsive autoimmune psychosis with cerebrospinal fluid-restricted oligoclonal bands and positive tissue-based assay findings: a case series of three patients.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Encephalitis in Turner Syndrome with 45,X/46,X,idic(X)(p11.4) Mosaics.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2025Article
- Anti-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor 2 encephalitis with olfactory hallucination: a case report and literature review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Bridging neurology and psychiatry: establishing Latin America's first dedicated Neuropsychiatry Ward at IPq-HCFMUSP.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Article
- Overview of Paraneoplastic Autoantibody-Mediated Cognitive Impairment and Behavioral Changes: A Narrative Review.Cureus · 2024Review
- Prognostic factors and treatment outcomes in pediatric autoimmune encephalitis: a multicenter study.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Serum Interleukin-6 in Schizophrenia: Associations with Clinical and Sociodemographic Characteristics.Consortium psychiatricum · 2023Article
- Anti-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor encephalitis developed after ovarian cancer cytoreduction surgery: a case report and literature review.BMC women's health · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Autoimmune encephalitis is characterized by mental and behavioral symptoms, seizures, and cognitive impairment. The presence of schizophrenia needs to be distinguished from that of autoimmune encephalitis. Herein, we describe the case of a woman who exhibited abnormal mental behavior and cognitive impairment. The patient had experienced similar symptoms more than 20 years previously and had been diagnosed with schizophrenia. The patient's psychotic symptoms improved after treatment with antipsychotic drugs; however, cognitive impairment persisted. She was diagnosed with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor concurrent with anti-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-receptor encephalitis. She showed improvement after treatment with steroids and intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIgs). Furthermore, we reviewed the literature and found that, including the present case, 10 patients have been diagnosed with anti-NMDA concurrent with anti-AMPA-receptor encephalitis. Three of these patients were men and seven were women, and their ages ranged from 21 to 71 years. Moreover, seven (70%) patients had a history of tumors. Symptoms of these patients included psychotic symptoms, varying degrees of consciousness disturbance, seizures, dyskinesia, dystonia, autonomic dysfunction, agitation, and verbal reduction. Brain magnetic resonance imaging findings showed scattered fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensity in subcortical white matter and/or medial temporal lobe in seven (70%) patients. After combination treatment, including tumor removal and administration of steroids, IVIg, plasma exchange, or immunity inhibitors, the symptoms improved in part of the patients. It is necessary to exclude autoimmune encephalitis for patients with psychiatric manifestations and cognitive impairment. Timely combination therapy is important in anti-NMDA-receptor concurrent with anti-AMPA-receptor encephalitis.
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