ArticlePsychology research and behavior management2022
Associations of Depression and Anxiety with Stigma in a Sample of Patients in Saudi Arabia Who Recovered from COVID-19.
Article in Psychology research and behavior management, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Family Honor, Gender Norms, and Help-Seeking Shape Mental Health Stigma in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review.Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financingPooled it
- Workplace and Healthcare Stigma in Hereditary Angioedema: Links to Anxiety and Functional Impairment.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The association between Post-COVID syndrome and self-stigma among the adult Israeli population during the COVID-19 pandemic.BMC public health · 2026Observational
- A qualitative descriptive study of stigma and psychological burden among Japanese healthcare workers following COVID-19 infection or close contact.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Treatment stigma mediates relationships between morally injurious events and depression, PTSD and anxiety symptoms.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2025Article
- Predicting factors associated with anxiety by patients undergoing treatment for infectious diseases using a random-forest machine learning approach.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Prevalence and factors associated with depression and anxiety among patients recovered from COVID-19: a cross-sectional study in a tertiary care hospital in Nepal.BMJ public health · 2024Article
- Prevalence of major depressive disorder and its associated factors among adult patients with neurolathyrism in Dawunt District, Ethiopia; 2022: community-based cross-sectional study.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Self-stigma mediates the relationships between childhood maltreatment and symptom levels of PTSD, depression, and anxiety.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2024Article
- Social stigma during COVID-19: A systematic review.SAGE open medicine · 2023Review
- COVID-19 symptoms, internet information seeking, and stigma influence post-lockdown health anxiety.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Perceived stigma among discharged patients of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A latent profile analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Relationship between attitudes toward COVID-19 infection, depression and anxiety: a cross-sectional survey in Japan.BMC psychiatry · 2022Article
- Age Differences in Psychological Antecedents and Behavioral Consequences of Stigmatization Associated with COVID-19 among Koreans.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Level and relationships of academic skills and family functions with academic performance during Covid 19 pandemic.The Egyptian journal of neurology, psychiatry and neurosurgery · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak combined with social distancing, isolation, and movement restrictions has had a profound impact on individuals' physical and psychological well-being. The aim of this study was to examine the associations of depression and anxiety with feelings of stigma among patients in Saudi Arabia who have recovered from COVID-19. MATERIALS AND
methodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted between July and December 2020. Trained healthcare providers contacted and interviewed participants by phone. Depression, anxiety, and stigma were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) questionnaire, and the Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue stigma scale (EMIC). Data on sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, and family history of mental illness were also collected. Multiple linear regression models were performed to explore factors associated with depression and anxiety.
resultsA total of 174 adult participants (≥18 years old) who had recently recovered from COVID-19 were interviewed. The mean PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores were 7.53 (±5.04) and 3.77 (±4.47), respectively. About 68% of the participants had at least mild depression (PHQ-9 score of 5-9), whereas only 29.89% had at least mild anxiety (GAD-7 score of 5-9) during their infections with COVID-19. Multiple linear regression showed that females were more vulnerable to depression and anxiety disorders than their male counterparts were (
conclusionThese findings highlight the negative consequences of COVID-19 infection on the mental health of recovered patients. Therefore, considerable attention from local and international health authorities is needed to improve the mental well-being of recovered COVID-19 patients.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.