ArticleBMJ open2022
Pharmacist's time spent: Space for Pharmacy-based Interventions and Consultation TimE (SPICE)-an observational time and motion study.
Article in BMJ open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Roles and barriers of community pharmacy professionals in the prevention and management of noncommunicable diseases in Ethiopia: a systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Effect of Uncertainty-Aware AI Models on Pharmacists' Reaction Time and Decision-Making in a Web-Based Mock Medication Verification Task: Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR medical informatics · 2025Trial
- Effect of Artificial Intelligence Helpfulness and Uncertainty on Cognitive Interactions with Pharmacists: Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Trial
- Effects of AI Assistance Timing on Pharmacists' Trust in Automated Pill Recognition Technology: Within-Participants Experimental Study.JMIR human factors · 2026Article
- Barriers and facilitators to older patients' counselling in community pharmacy, perceived by pharmacy professionals - a focus group study.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Point-of-care testing in community pharmacies to improve antimicrobial stewardship in respiratory infections: a scoping review of effectiveness, implementation and cost-effectiveness.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2026Review
- Spaced learning versus traditional learning for pharmacists implementing β-lactam therapeutic drug monitoring.American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists · 2026Article
- Article
- Availability, utilization, and factors associated with professional pharmacy services in community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study.Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques · 2026Article
- A multi-site evaluation of clinical pharmacist time, motion, interventions and interruptions.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2025Article
- Engineering Resilient Community Pharmacies for Chronic Care Management: Protocol for the Development of a Medication Safety Map.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Article
- e-Health applications for outpatient professional pharmaceutical care services: A scoping review.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2025Review
- Optimizing work in community pharmacy: What preferences do community pharmacists and pharmacy technicians have for a better allocation of daily activities?Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2025Article
- Effects of medication procurement reforms and extended prescription duration on medication coverage for hypertension in India's public health system: a modelling study.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Integrating Mental Health Screening in Community Pharmacies: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceived Barriers Among Pharmacy Students.TheScientificWorldJournal · 2025Article
- The implementation of the Workforce Indicators of Staffing Needs (WISN) method to improve access to health workforce in selected South-East Asian countries.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Community pharmacists' views towards implementing a patient self-administered screening tool designed to identify risk of medication-related problems.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Article
- Community pharmacists' acceptability of pharmacist-delivered depression screening for older adults: a qualitative study.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 7 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo describe the pharmacists' workflow, including tasks and time spent, to better understand their work capacity.
designCross-sectional, observational, time and motion study.
settingCommunity pharmacies in Western Australia and New South Wales, Australia.
participantsCurrently registered and practising pharmacists were approached using snowball sampling and selected using purposive techniques to obtain balance representation of metropolitan and rural pharmacies, as well as high and low script volumes where possible.
resultsTwenty-four pharmacists across 15 pharmacies participated during the 135 sessions totalling over 274 hours of observation. Dispensing (30%), indirect patient services (17%), counselling (15%) and professional management activities (15%) were the top four duties pharmacists performed, while only 2% of time was spent on professional services such as pain clinics and influenza vaccinations. Tasks were frequently interrupted and often performed simultaneously. Breaks and consumer-contact times were limited. More time was spent on professional service activities in non-metropolitan pharmacies, in pharmacies with greater daily prescription volumes and those with one or more support pharmacists.
conclusionsThis is the first study to quantify the pharmacists' tasks in Australian community pharmacies. Much time is being spent on dispensing, supply and management activities with little time for providing additional professional services. An extra supporting pharmacist is likely necessary to increase professional services. These findings could support future research around barriers and enablers of conducive workflows and of extended professional services.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.