SynthesisBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2022
Efficacy of covid-19 vaccines in immunocompromised patients: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 322 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
322 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 449 citations in OpenAlex.
- S3 Guideline for the Treatment of Psoriasis vulgaris, adapted from EuroGuiDerm - part 2: Specific clinical and comorbid situations.Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG · 2026Guideline
- Comparative Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccines Among Adults with Underlying Medical Conditions: Systematic Literature Review and Pairwise Meta-Analysis Using GRADE.Advances in therapy · 2025Pooled it
- Heterologous versus homologous COVID-19 booster vaccinations for adults: systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomised clinical trials.BMC medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Vaccination of Adults With Cancer: ASCO Guideline.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2024Guideline
- Immunocompromised individuals are at increased risk of COVID-19 breakthrough infection, hospitalization, and death in the post-vaccination era: A systematic review.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2024Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the global prevalence and determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and uptake in people living with HIV.Nature human behaviour · 2024Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the seroconversion rates and adverse effects of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and COVID-19 viral vector vaccine in kidney transplant recipient patients.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Pooled it
- Immunogenicity and safety of COVID-19 vaccines among people living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Epidemiology and infection · 2023Pooled it
- Serological response following COVID-19 vaccines in patients living with HIV: a dose-response meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- Convalescent plasma for people with COVID-19: a living systematic review.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Safety and Immunogenicity of BNT162b2 in Antiretroviral Therapy-Treated People With HIV.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Polypore mushroom mycelia as an adjunct to COVID-19 vaccination: a randomized clinical trial.BMC immunology · 2026Trial
- Long-term immune response to mRNA anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Trial
- Anti-SARS-CoV-2 glyco-humanized polyclonal antibody XAV-19: phase II/III randomized placebo-controlled trial shows acceleration to recovery for mild to moderate patients with COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Trial
- Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Infections in the PROVENT Prevention Trial Were Not Associated With AZD7442 (Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab) Resistant Variants.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2023Trial
- A Phase 2 Randomized Trial Evaluating the Antiviral Activity and Safety of the Direct-Acting Antiviral Bemnifosbuvir in Ambulatory Patients with Mild or Moderate COVID-19 (MOONSONG Study).Microbiology spectrum · 2023Trial
- Rituximab versus azathioprine for maintenance of remission for patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis and relapsing disease: an international randomised controlled trial.Annals of the rheumatic diseases · 2023Trial
- Safety of COVID-19 and influenza vaccines in children and adolescents with immunocompromised or autoimmune conditions: Findings from the Canadian National Vaccine Safety (CANVAS) network.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Predicted Neutralizing Activity of the SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibody Sipavibart: Results from Little DIPPER and the SUPERNOVA Substudy.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- Increase in Healthcare-Associated Infections: Is COVID-19 Responsible? A Narrative Review.Microorganisms · 2026Review
262 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo compare the efficacy of covid-19 vaccines between immunocompromised and immunocompetent people.
designSystematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Embase, Central Register of Controlled Trials, COVID-19 Open Research Dataset Challenge (CORD-19), and WHO covid-19 databases for studies published between 1 December 2020 and 5 November 2021. ClinicalTrials.gov and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were searched in November 2021 to identify registered but as yet unpublished or ongoing studies. STUDY SELECTION: Prospective observational studies comparing the efficacy of covid-19 vaccination in immunocompromised and immunocompetent participants.
methodsA frequentist random effects meta-analysis was used to separately pool relative and absolute risks of seroconversion after the first and second doses of a covid-19 vaccine. Systematic review without meta-analysis of SARS-CoV-2 antibody titre levels was performed after first, second, and third vaccine doses and the seroconversion rate after a third dose. Risk of bias and certainty of evidence were assessed.
results82 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Of these studies, 77 (94%) used mRNA vaccines, 16 (20%) viral vector vaccines, and 4 (5%) inactivated whole virus vaccines. 63 studies were assessed to be at low risk of bias and 19 at moderate risk of bias. After one vaccine dose, seroconversion was about half as likely in patients with haematological cancers (risk ratio 0.40, 95% confidence interval 0.32 to 0.50, I
conclusionSeroconversion rates after covid-19 vaccination were significantly lower in immunocompromised patients, especially organ transplant recipients. A second dose was associated with consistently improved seroconversion across all patient groups, albeit at a lower magnitude for organ transplant recipients. Targeted interventions for immunocompromised patients, including a third (booster) dose, should be performed. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42021272088.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.