ArticleDevelopment and psychopathology2023
Simulated nonlinear genetic and environmental dynamics of complex traits.
Article in Development and psychopathology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- Beyond additive genetic effects: Explaining family resemblance in school performance across millions of pairs of Norwegian relatives.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Detecting Non-linear Dependence through Genome Wide Analysis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Estimation of Genetic Correlation Between Rheumatoid Arthritis and Multiple Sclerosis Using Summary Statistics from Genome-Wide Association Studies.Journal of clinical practice and research · 2023Article
- The Analytic Identification of Variance Component Models Common to Behavior Genetics.Behavior genetics · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
Genetic studies of complex traits often show disparities in estimated heritability depending on the method used, whether by genomic associations or twin and family studies. We present a simulation of individual genomes with dynamic environmental conditions to consider how linear and nonlinear effects, gene-by-environment interactions, and gene-by-environment correlations may work together to govern the long-term development of complex traits and affect estimates of heritability from common methods. Our simulation studies demonstrate that the genetic effects estimated by genome wide association studies in unrelated individuals are inadequate to characterize gene-by-environment interaction, while including related individuals in genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA) allows gene-by-environment interactions to be recovered in the heritability. These theoretical findings provide an explanation for the "missing heritability" problem and bridge the conceptual gap between the most common findings of GCTA and twin studies. Future studies may use the simulation model to test hypotheses about phenotypic complexity either in an exploratory way or by replicating well-established observations of specific phenotypes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.