Trial reportJournal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle2022
Pharmacological hypogonadism impairs molecular transducers of exercise-induced muscle growth in humans.
Trial report in Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular mechanisms underpinning favourable physiological adaptations to exercise prehabilitation for urological cancer surgery.Prostate cancer and prostatic diseases · 2024Trial
- Pharmacological hypogonadism impairs molecular transducers of exercise-induced muscle growth in humans.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2022Trial
- Blueprint for adapting the cardiac rehabilitation model for oncology patients with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2026Article
- Sex Hormones & Exercise in the Musculoskeletal System: From Signaling to Structure and Function.Endocrine reviews · 2026Article
- The role of androgens and global and tissue-specific androgen receptor expression on body composition, exercise adaptation, and performance.Biology of sex differences · 2025Review
- Comment on "A 10-Year Longitudinal Study of Muscle Morphology and Performance in Masters Sprinters" by Hendrickse et al. - the authors reply.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2025Article
- Challenging the principle of "No presumption of advantage" with a focus on testosterone and gender eligibility in sports.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Review
- Mechanisms of mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy: current understanding and future directions.Physiological reviews · 2023Review
- Anabolic Resistance in the Pathogenesis of Sarcopenia in the Elderly: Role of Nutrition and Exercise in Young and Old People.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Mass Sportrometry: An annual look back at applications of mass spectrometry in sport and exercise science.Analytical science advances · 2023Review
- Myocytic androgen receptor overexpression does not affect sex differences in adaptation to chronic endurance exercise.Biology of sex differences · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe relative role of skeletal muscle mechano-transduction in comparison with systemic hormones, such as testosterone (T), in regulating hypertrophic responses to exercise is contentious. We investigated the mechanistic effects of chemical endogenous T depletion adjuvant to 6 weeks of resistance exercise training (RET) on muscle mass, function, myogenic regulatory factors, and muscle anabolic signalling in younger men.
methodsNon-hypogonadal men (n = 16; 18-30 years) were randomized in a double-blinded fashion to receive placebo (P, saline n = 8) or the GnRH analogue, Goserelin [Zoladex (Z), 3.6 mg, n = 8], injections, before 6 weeks of supervised whole-body RET. Participants underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), ultrasound of m. vastus lateralis (VL), and VL biopsies for assessment of cumulative muscle protein synthesis (MPS), myogenic gene expression, and anabolic signalling pathway responses.
resultsZoladex suppressed endogenous T to within the hypogonadal range and was well tolerated; suppression was associated with blunted fat free mass [Z: 55.4 ± 2.8 to 55.8 ± 3.1 kg, P = 0.61 vs. P: 55.9 ± 1.7 to 57.4 ± 1.7 kg, P = 0.006, effect size (ES) = 0.31], composite strength (Z: 40 ± 2.3% vs. P: 49.8 ± 3.3%, P = 0.03, ES = 1.4), and muscle thickness (Z: 2.7 ± 0.4 to 2.69 ± 0.36 cm, P > 0.99 vs. P: 2.74 ± 0.32 to 2.91 ± 0.32 cm, P < 0.0001, ES = 0.48) gains. Hypogonadism attenuated molecular transducers of muscle growth related to T metabolism (e.g. androgen receptor: Z: 1.2 fold, P > 0.99 vs. P: 1.9 fold, P < 0.0001, ES = 0.85), anabolism/myogenesis (e.g. IGF-1Ea: Z: 1.9 fold, P = 0.5 vs. P: 3.3 fold, P = 0.0005, ES = 0.72; IGF-1Ec: Z: 2 fold, P > 0.99 vs. P: 4.7 fold, P = 0.0005, ES = 0.68; myogenin: Z: 1.3 fold, P > 0.99 vs. P: 2.7 fold, P = 0.002, ES = 0.72), RNA/DNA (Z: 0.47 ± 0.03 to 0.53 ± 0.03, P = 0.31 vs. P: 0.50 ± 0.01 to 0.64 ± 0.04, P = 0.003, ES = 0.72), and RNA/ASP (Z: 5.8 ± 0.4 to 6.8 ± 0.5, P > 0.99 vs. P: 6.5 ± 0.2 to 8.9 ± 1.1, P = 0.008, ES = 0.63) ratios, as well as acute RET-induced phosphorylation of growth signalling proteins (e.g. AKT
conclusionsWe conclude that endogenous T sufficiency has a central role in the up-regulation of molecular transducers of RET-induced muscle hypertrophy in humans that cannot be overcome by muscle mechano-transduction alone.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.