ArticleJournal of extracellular vesicles2022
Presentation of antigen on extracellular vesicles using transmembrane domains from viral glycoproteins for enhanced immunogenicity.
Article in Journal of extracellular vesicles, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- A universally conserved OMV-YidR conjugate nanovaccine confers broad protection against hypervirulent and carbapenem-resistantEmerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporal control of STING activation and saRNA delivery decouples humoral and cellular immunity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Classification and biogenesis of vesicles, and their roles in the transport of viral components.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Cyanobacterial Extracellular Vesicles as Protein Carriers: Towards Fish Vaccination.Microbial biotechnology · 2026Article
- Extracellular vesicles as vaccine platforms: emerging opportunities for malaria.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Optimizing encephalomyocarditis virus VP1 protein assembly on pseudorabies virus envelope via US9 protein anchoring.Virulence · 2025Article
- Bridging biology and therapy: translational advances of extracellular vesicles in veterinary clinical practice.Veterinary research communications · 2025Review
- Cell-Free Expression of Nipah Virus Transmembrane Proteins for Proteoliposome Vaccine Design.ACS nano · 2025Article
- Exploring the roles and clinical potential of exosome-derived non-coding RNAs in glioma.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2025Review
- Stability Dynamics of Plant-Based Extracellular Vesicles Drug Delivery.Journal of xenobiotics · 2025Review
- Review
- Extracellular Vesicles inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Optical Imaging of Single Extracellular Vesicles: Recent Progress and Prospects.Chemical & biomedical imaging · 2024Review
- Engineered EVs with pathogen proteins: promising vaccine alternatives to LNP-mRNA vaccines.Journal of biomedical science · 2024Review
- A Review of Extracellular Vesicles in COVID-19 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2023Review
- Review
- Small Extracellular Vesicles as a New Class of Medicines.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- MDM2 promotes cancer cell survival through regulating the expression of HIF-1α and pVHL in retinoblastoma.Pathology oncology research : POR · 2023Article
- Genetically Engineered Extracellular Vesicles Harboring Transmembrane Scaffolds Exhibit Differences in Their Size, Expression Levels of Specific Surface Markers and Cell-Uptake.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Exosomal Micro-RNAs as Intercellular Communicators in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
A vaccine antigen, when launched as DNA or RNA, can be presented in various forms, including intracellular, secreted, membrane-bound, or on extracellular vesicles (EVs). Whether an antigen in one or more of these forms is superior in immune induction remains unclear. In this study, we used GFP as a model antigen and first compared the EV-loading efficiency of transmembrane domains (TMs) from various viral glycoproteins, and then investigated whether EV-bound GFP (EV-GFP) would enhance immune induction. Our data showed that GFP fused to viral TMs was successfully loaded onto the surface of EVs. In addition, GFP-bound EVs were predominantly associated with the exosome marker CD81. Immunogenicity study with EV-GFP-producing plasmids in mice demonstrated that antigen-specific IgG and IgA were significantly increased in EV-GFP groups, compared to soluble and intracellular GFP groups. Similarly, GFP-specific T cell response-related cytokines produced by antigen-stimulated splenocytes were also enhanced in mice immunized with EV-GFP constructs. Immunogenicity study with purified soluble GFP and GFP EVs further confirmed the immune enhancement property of EV-GFP in mice. In vitro uptake assays indicated that EV-GFP was more efficiently taken up than soluble GFP by mouse splenocytes and such uptake was B cell preferential. Taken together, our data indicate that viral TMs can efficiently load antigens onto the EV surface, and that EV-bound antigen enhances both humoral and cell-mediated antigen-specific responses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.