ArticleAnnals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials2022
Effective anti-mycobacterial treatment for BCG disease in patients with Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Disease (MSMD): a case series.
Article in Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genetic, immunologic, and clinical features of 830 patients with Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases (MSMD): A systematic review.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Genetic and immunologic determinants of BCG disease: from mechanism to prevention.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- A drug-resistant TB cluster in a refugee family with Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSDM).IJTLD open · 2026Article
- Adult Onset of MSMD Caused by IL-12Rβ1 Variants: Report of a Young Woman with NTM Infection Lacking Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-induced Diseases.Journal of clinical immunology · 2026Article
- Ly6GeLife · 2026Article
- Persistent Ascites Revealing Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Disease Due to IL-12Rβ1 Deficiency: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.Case reports in immunology · 2026Article
- Age-Related Patterns of Type II Interferon Immunity: Implications for Intramacrophagic Infections and MSMD Diagnosis During Childhood.Journal of clinical immunology · 2025Article
- BCGitis and BCGosis: Clinical Spectrum, Immunological Mechanisms, and Risk Management.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Interferon Gamma in Sickness Predisposing toBalkan medical journal · 2024Review
- Diagnosis and Management of Infections in Patients with Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Disease.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Complications of the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine as an early warning sign of inborn errors of immunity: a report of 197 patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- A Novel Homozygous Stop Mutation in IL23R Causes Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Disease.Journal of clinical immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPost-vaccination BCG disease typically attests to underlying inborn errors of immunity (IEIs), with the highest rates of complications in patients with Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD). However, therapeutic protocols for the management of BCG-osis (disseminated) and persistent BCG-itis (localized) are still controversial.
methodsTwenty-four Iranian patients with MSMD (BCG-osis or BCG-itis), followed from 2009 to 2020 in Tehran, were included in the study. Their medical records were retrospectively reviewed for demographics, clinical features, laboratory findings, and molecular diagnosis. The therapeutic protocol sheets were prepared to contain the types and duration of anti-mycobacterial agents.
resultsBCG disease either as BCG-itis (33.3%) or BCG-osis (66.7%) was confirmed in all patients by positive gastric washing test (54.2%), microbial smear and culture (58.3%), or purified protein derivative (PPD) test (4.2%). The duration between BCG-osis onset and MSMD diagnosis was 21.6 months. All except three patients were initiated on second-line anti-mycobacterial agents with either a fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin: 15 mg/kg/day, ciprofloxacin: 20 mg/kg/day, ofloxacin: 15 mg/kg/day), aminoglycoside (amikacin: 10-15 mg/kg/day, streptomycin: 15 mg/kg/day), and/or macrolide (clarithromycin: 15 mg/kg/day) along with oral rifampin (10 mg/kg/day), isoniazid (15 mg/kg/day), and ethambutol (20 mg/kg/day). Three patients showed a clinical response to rifampin, despite in vitro resistance. Fourteen (58.3%) patients received also adjuvant subcutaneous IFN-γ therapy, 50 µ/m
conclusionsWe recommend the early instigation of second-line anti-mycobacterial agents in MSMD patients with BCG disease.
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