ArticleBMC psychiatry2022
Measurement invariance of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) across four European countries during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07745517 (EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE-LED AND TEXT MESSAGING INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE BREAST CANCER SCREENING IN GHANA), which is not on this map. Cited by 62 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluating the effectiveness of community health nurse-led and text messaging interventions to improve breast cancer screening in ghana: a multi-arm randomised controlled trial
Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Cross-cultural validity of the generalized anxiety disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7): a systematic review and standardized assessment.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2026Pooled it
- A socially assistive robot to support mental wellbeing in LGBTQ+ young people at risk of self-harm: a randomized controlled trial.Nature medicine · 2026Trial
- Together and Apart: Dual Attachment Bonds to Cohabiting and Separated Partners Predict Relationship and Psychological Outcomes During COVID-19 Lockdowns.Archives of sexual behavior · 2026Article
- Negative automatic thoughts mediate the effects of emotion regulation on distress in women with breast and gynecological cancer.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The Uncertainty in Illness Questionnaire (UIQ): development and validation of a clinically oriented measure for patients and caregivers.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2026Article
- The Impact of Government-Funded Brief Psychological Interventions on Mental Health: A Longitudinal Evaluation of the Italian "Psychological Bonus" Policy.Community mental health journal · 2026Article
- Detecting risk for depression and anxiety symptoms among older bereaved women using text-based analysis in the Nurses' Health Study II.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Psychometric Properties of the Italian Food Noise Questionnaire (FNQ) for the Assessment of Intrusive Food-Related Thoughts.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Internal structure and factorial invariance of the Patient Health Questionnaire -9 (PHQ-9) in a large Argentinean sample.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Big Five personality profiles, self-reported distress, and resilience resources among adults in Italy after the acute COVID-19 emergency: a cross-sectional cluster-analytic study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Depression prevalence estimates in Spain (1995-2021): a systematic review.Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland) · 2026Review
- Workplace violence predicts depression and anxiety in nurses: a multi-center longitudinal study in China.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Unguided self-help to bridge waiting time for face-to-face therapy in a university student mental health service: interrupted time series analysis.BJPsych open · 2025Article
- Severity Classification of Anxiety and Depression Using Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale and Patient Health Questionnaire: National Cross-Sectional Study Applying Classification and Regression Tree Models.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Article
- The impact of COVID-19 on physical activity and mental health: A mixed-methods approach.Journal of health psychology · 2025Article
- Validation of the Caen Chronotype Questionnaire: Exploring the added value of amplitude and correlations with actigraphy.Chronobiology international · 2025Article
- Clusters of Patient Empowerment and Mental Health Literacy Differentiate Professional Help-Seeking Attitudes in Online Mental Health Communities Users.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2025Article
- Influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of depression in U.S. adults: evidence from NHANES.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Trajectories of emotional and behavioral problems in young children during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study.PLOS mental health · 2025Article
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
27 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) are self-report measures of major depressive disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. The primary aim of this study was to test for differential item functioning (DIF) on the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 items based on age, sex (males and females), and country.
methodData from nationally representative surveys in UK, Ireland, Spain, and Italy (combined N = 6,054) were used to fit confirmatory factor analytic and multiple-indictor multiple-causes models.
resultsSpain and Italy had higher latent variable means than the UK and Ireland for both anxiety and depression, but there was no evidence for differential items functioning.
conclusionsThe PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores were found to be unidimensional, reliable, and largely free of DIF in data from four large nationally representative samples of the general population in the UK, Ireland, Italy and Spain.
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